Master Quick Recall — Complete Revision Sheet

Last-mile revision condensing all 49 topics of UGC NET JRF General Paper-I (Teaching & Research Aptitude) into one document. Use this in the final 48 hours before the exam — each topic’s Quick Recall callout pulled together in syllabus order.

Module I — Teaching Aptitude

Topic 1 — Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements

Topic 1 · Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements — Quick Recall

Teaching definition (B.O. Smith): “system of actions intended to produce learning”.
Aim → Goal → Objective — broadest to narrowest.
Bloom revised (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001): Remember → Understand → Apply → Analyse → Evaluate → Create. (Original 1956 ended Synthesis → Evaluation.)
Mager (1962): Behaviour + Condition + Criterion; A-B-C-D = Audience, Behaviour, Condition, Degree.
5 modes: Teaching, Training, Instruction, Conditioning, Indoctrination.
3 levels & proponents: Memory → Herbart (5 steps P-P-A-G-A); Understanding → Morrison (defn. by Bigge; 5 steps E-P-A-O-R → Mastery); Reflective → Hunt (also Bigge & Hunt) → critical thinking, insight.
Jackson’s phases (1962, Life in Classrooms): Pre-active → Interactive → Post-active.
Glaser (1962): 4 components — Objectives → Entering Behaviour → Procedures → Assessment (with feedback loop). Feedback is a LOOP, not a 5th component.
Flanders FIACS (1955–60, U. Minnesota): 10 categories — 7 teacher (4 indirect + 3 direct) + 2 student (response + initiation) + 1 silence.
Joyce & Weil (1972): 4 families — Information-processing, Social, Personal, Behavioural.
3 variables of teaching: Independent (teacher) · Dependent (student) · Intervening (content/method/environment).
12 maxims: Known→Unknown, Simple→Complex, Concrete→Abstract, Particular→General, Analysis→Synthesis, Empirical→Rational, Induction→Deduction, Whole→Part, Psychological→Logical, Definite→Indefinite, Actual→Representative, Near→Far.

Topic 2 — Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences

Topic 2 · Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences — Quick Recall

Adolescent = WHO 10–19. Four dimensions: Academic · Social · Emotional · Cognitive. Trap: “high self-discipline” is NOT a characteristic.
Hero-worship = adolescent emulating values of admired figures (Dec 2019 PYQ).
Pedagogy / Andragogy / Heutagogy — Child-led / Adult-led / Self-determined. Knowles 1970 (Modern Practice of Adult Education); Hase & Kenyon 2000 (heutagogy).
Knowles’s 6 principles: Need-to-know, Self-concept, Prior experience, Readiness, Orientation, Motivation.
Intelligence theories: Spearman (g + s, 1904) · Thurstone (7 PMAs: V-W-N-S-M-P-R, 1938) · Cattell (Gf vs Gc, 1963) · Guilford (SOI 3 dimensions, 1967) · Gardner (7 in 1983 → +Naturalist 1995) · Sternberg (Triarchic: Componential/Analytical, Experiential/Creative, Contextual/Practical, 1985).
Goleman EI (1995): 5 components — Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation, Empathy, Social skills.
Piaget: 4 stages — Sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence) · Preoperational (2–7, egocentrism) · Concrete Operational (7–11, conservation) · Formal Operational (11+, adolescent). Mechanisms: assimilation, accommodation, equilibration.
Erikson: 8 stages, each with a virtue. Stage 5 (12–18) = Identity vs Role Confusion → virtue Fidelity.
Kohlberg: 3 levels, 6 stages of moral development. Top: universal ethical principles.
Bandura: Bobo doll (1961), observational learning, self-efficacy (1977), reciprocal determinism.
Maslow (1943): 5 levels — Physiological → Safety → Love → Esteem → Self-actualisation. Extended: Cognitive, Aesthetic, Transcendence.
Big Five / OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
VARK (Fleming 1987): Visual, Auditory, Read/Write, Kinesthetic.
RPwD Act 2016: 21 specified disabilities (PwD 1995 had 7). Standard = reasonable accommodation. Inclusion ≠ integration.

Topic 3 — Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution

Topic 3 · Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution — Quick Recall

Six factors: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Facility, Environment, Institution.
Walberg (1981): 9 factors / 3 clusters — Aptitude (ability, motivation, age) · Instruction (quantity, quality) · Environment (home, classroom, peer, mass media).
Coleman Report (1966): Family SES > school resources; among in-school factors, teacher quality matters most.
Ausubel (1968): “Most important single factor … is what the learner already knows.” Advance organiser.
Microteaching: Allen & Ryan, Stanford, 1966; cycle = teach 5–10 min → feedback → re-teach.
Flanders Interaction Analysis: 10 categories, sampled every 3 seconds; i/d ratio.
Anderson & Walberg LEI: 15 scales of classroom climate.
Marzano (McREL, 2001): 9 high-yield strategies + 5 school-level factors.
NAAC: 7 criteria; Criterion 2 (Teaching-Learning) = 350/1000 highest for colleges. Legacy CGPA: O / A++ / A+ / A / B++ … 2024 reform → Binary + Maturity-Based Graded Levels.
NIRF: 5 parameters — TLR 30, RPC 30, GO 20, OI 10, PR 10.
NEP-2020: 4-year ITEP by 2030; NPST by NCTE; 50 hr CPD/year; HECI with 4 verticals (NHERC, NAC, HEGC, GEC); GER 50 % by 2035.
Indian ICT platforms: SWAYAM (UGC for non-tech PG; CEC UG; AICTE tech; NPTEL engg) · SWAYAM Prabha (DTH) · NDLI · e-PG Pathshala · NMEICT.
Factor interactions: Compensation, Multiplication, Bottleneck.

Topic 4 — Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.)

Topic 4 · Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.) — Quick Recall

Two axes: Teacher- vs Learner-centred · Off-line vs On-line.
Teacher-centred: Lecture, Demonstration, Programmed instruction.
Learner-centred: Seminar, Workshop, Group discussion, Brainstorming, Heuristic, PBL, Project, Case study.
Dale’s Cone (1946): concrete base → abstract apex (the 10-20-…-90 % numbers are Treichler misattribution, not Dale).
Bloom Mastery Learning (1968): 95 % can master with enough time + right method → OBE root.
Kilpatrick Project Method (1918): Purpose → Planning → Executing → Evaluating; 4 types (construction, enjoyment, problem, drill).
Armstrong Heuristic Method (1898): Greek heurisko = “I find out”.
Barrows & Tamblyn PBL (1969): McMaster medical school.
Skinner Programmed Instruction (1958): linear; Crowder branching.
Osborn Brainstorming (1953): 4 rules — defer judgement, wild ideas, quantity, build on others.
Aronson Jigsaw (1971): each student = expert on one piece. Johnson & Johnson: 5 elements of cooperative learning.
MOOC: Massive Open Online Course (Cormier & Alexander, 2008); xMOOC (behaviourist) vs cMOOC (connectivist; Siemens & Downes).
SWAYAM (2017): Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds; 4 quadrants (Video · Reading · Self-assessment · Discussion); 9 coordinators (UGC, CEC, AICTE, NPTEL, NCERT, NIOS, IGNOU, IIMB, NITTTR).
SWAYAM Prabha: 32+ DTH channels, 24×7, GSAT-15, INFLIBNET.
Flipped classroom (Bergmann & Sams, 2007): lecture at home, application in class.
NEP 2020 + UGC 2021: up to 40 % of UG course online + ABC credit transfer.
Three generations of distance education (Anderson): Cognitive-Behaviourist · Social-Constructivist · Connectivist.

Topic 5 — Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based

Topic 5 · Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based — Quick Recall

Three categories: Traditional · Modern · ICT-based.
Traditional: chalkboard, textbook, chart, model, real object, globe, flashcard, flannelgraph.
Modern (20th c. AV): OHP, slide projector, audio system, radio, film, TV, language lab, VCR.
ICT-based: computer, internet, smart board, LMS, MOOC, virtual lab, mobile, AR/VR, AI tutor.
Dale’s Cone (1946): concrete base → abstract apex; 3 Rs = Relevance, Reliability, Readability.
Bruner EIS (1966): Enactive → Iconic → Symbolic.
Mayer CTML (2001): dual channels, limited capacity, active processing; 12 multimedia-design principles.
ASSURE model: Analyse → State → Select → Utilise → Require → Evaluate.
SITE (1975–76): ISRO + ATS-6; 2,400 villages — landmark.
NMEICT (2009): umbrella ICT-in-HE mission.
SWAYAM (2017): Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds; 4 quadrants.
SWAYAM Prabha (2017): 32+ DTH channels; INFLIBNET coordinator.
PM e-Vidya (2020): 12+12 TV + Radio + DIKSHA + IITPAL.
INFLIBNET stack: Shodhganga (theses) · Shodhgangotri (synopses) · VIDWAN (experts) · e-ShodhSindhu (e-journals) · SWAYAM Prabha (DTH).
IIT-led: NDLI (Kharagpur), Virtual Labs (Delhi), e-Yantra / Spoken Tutorial / FOSSEE (Bombay).
LMS examples: Moodle, Blackboard, Canvas, Sakai, Google Classroom, MS Teams (Mendeley/Zotero/EndNote are reference managers, NOT LMSs).
6 CC licences: BY · BY-SA · BY-ND · BY-NC · BY-NC-SA · BY-NC-ND (most restrictive).
OER term: popularised UNESCO 2002; MIT OCW (2001) first large initiative.
Digital divide: access → skills → outcome.
Top predictor of ICT-effectiveness: teacher mediation.

Topic 6 — Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems

Topic 6 · Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems — Quick Recall

Three layers: Measurement (number) → Assessment (description) → Evaluation (decision).
Three Bloom domains: Cognitive (Bloom 1956 / Anderson-Krathwohl 2001), Affective (Krathwohl 1964 — Receiving → Characterising), Psychomotor (Simpson 1972 — Perception → Origination).
Tyler 4 elements (1949): Objectives → Learning experiences → Evaluation → Reform. “Father of curriculum evaluation.”
6 qualities of a tool: Validity · Reliability · Objectivity · Practicability · Discrimination · Comprehensiveness.
Reliability methods: test-retest, parallel-form, split-half, KR-20/21, Cronbach’s α.
Scriven (1967): Formative (improve) vs Summative (judge).
Glaser (1963): NRT vs CRT.
4 types by purpose: Placement → Diagnostic → Formative → Summative.
CBCS (UGC 2015): 1 theory credit = 1 hr/wk; 10-point scale (O 10 · A+ 9 · A 8 · B+ 7 · B 6 · C 5 · P 4 · F 0). Course types: CC · DSE · GE · SEC · AECC.
SGPA = Σ(Cᵢ × Gᵢ) / Σ Cᵢ.
NEP-2020 reforms: ABC (2021), NCrF (2022), PARAKH (2023, NCERT), FYUP with research, MEME (Cert/Dip/Bach/Bach-Honours).
NTA (2017): conducts UGC-NET, JEE Main, NEET, CUET as CBTs.
CBT types: Linear · LOFT · CAT (using IRT).
IRT models: 1-PL Rasch (difficulty) → 2-PL (+ discrimination) → 3-PL (+ guessing) → 4-PL (+ carelessness).
OBE (Spady 1994): COs/POs, measurable Bloom verbs. Constructive Alignment (Biggs 1996): Outcomes ↔︎ Teaching ↔︎ Assessment.
Authentic assessment (Wiggins 1989): real-world tasks.
Rubric types: Holistic (one score) vs Analytic (per criterion).
Rater bias: Halo, Leniency/Severity, Central tendency, Order, Cultural.
Concept mapping (Novak 1972, based on Ausubel) vs Mind mapping (Buzan 1974).

Module II — Research Aptitude

Topic 7 — Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research

Topic 7 · Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research — Quick Recall

Etymology: re + cerchier (Old French) → “to search again”.
Definitions to remember: Kerlinger (systematic, controlled, empirical, critical), Kothari (scientific and systematic search), Best & Kahn (systematic objective analysis), Woody (defining-redefining-formulating-collecting-testing).
10 characteristics: Systematic, Logical, Empirical, Replicable, Critical, Controlled, Original, Objective, Cumulative, Generalisable. Kerlinger’s three essentials: Systematic · Empirical · Controlled.
5 aims: Exploration · Description · Explanation · Prediction · Control.
6 classification axes: Purpose (Basic/Applied) · Method (Descriptive/Analytical) · Data (Quant/Qual) · Time (Cross-sectional/Longitudinal) · Concept (Conceptual/Empirical) · Goal (Exploratory/Explanatory/Evaluative/Action).
3 longitudinal types: Trend (different samples) · Cohort (shared experience) · Panel (same individuals).
Action research (Kurt Lewin, 1946): Plan → Act → Observe → Reflect.
Designs: Survey, Case study, Ethnography, Grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss 1967), Phenomenology (Husserl), Historical, Ex-post-facto, Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Mixed-methods.
Auguste Comte (1798–1857): founded Positivism; Law of 3 Stages (Theological → Metaphysical → Positive); father of sociology.
Vienna Circle (1920s–30s): Logical positivism; verification principle.
Karl Popper (1959): Post-positivism; falsification as truth criterion.
Thomas Kuhn (1962): Paradigm shifts — Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Imre Lakatos: Research programmes (hard core + protective belt).
Paul Feyerabend (1975): Against Method — “anything goes.”
Max Weber: Verstehen — interpretivist anchor.
Frankfurt School (Adorno, Horkheimer, Habermas): Critical theory — research as emancipation.
Peirce / James / Dewey: Pragmatism → mixed methods.
Lincoln & Guba (1985): 4 trustworthiness criteria (Credibility · Transferability · Dependability · Confirmability).
Positivism→Quantitative; Interpretivism→Qualitative; Pragmatism→Mixed; Critical theory→Action/Emancipatory.

Topic 8 — Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods

Topic 8 · Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods — Quick Recall

Five methods: Experimental · Descriptive · Historical · Qualitative · Quantitative.
Experiment essentials: Manipulation · Control · Random assignment.
Variable types: IV · DV · Extraneous · Control · Moderator · Mediator.
Campbell & Stanley (1963): Pre- / True- / Quasi-experimental. 8 internal-validity threats: History · Maturation · Testing · Instrumentation · Statistical regression · Selection · Mortality · Interaction.
External validity threats: Hawthorne · Pygmalion (Rosenthal & Jacobson 1968) · John Henry · Demand characteristics · Pre-test sensitisation.
Solomon Four-Group (1949): 4 groups, controls testing × treatment interaction.
Descriptive types: Survey · Case · Correlational · Comparative · Documentary · Normative · Developmental (Cross-sectional / Longitudinal / Trend / Cohort / Panel).
Historical method 5 steps: Identify → Source → Criticise → Synthesise → Report. Two criticisms: External (authenticity) · Internal (credibility). Sources: Primary vs Secondary.
Qualitative — 5 designs (Creswell): Phenomenology · Ethnography · Grounded theory · Case study · Narrative inquiry.
Qualitative analysis: Familiarisation → Open → Axial → Selective coding → Themes. Tools: NVivo, ATLAS.ti, MAXQDA, Dedoose. Method: Braun & Clarke (2006) thematic analysis.
Lincoln & Guba (1985): Credibility · Transferability · Dependability · Confirmability. Strategies: triangulation, member checking, peer debriefing, thick description, audit trail, reflexivity.
Quantitative sub-methods: Descriptive · Correlational · Causal-comparative · Experimental · Survey · Meta-analysis · Modelling.
Stevens NOIR (1946): Nominal · Ordinal · Interval · Ratio.
Stats: 2 means → t-test; 3+ means → ANOVA; categorical → χ²; relation → Pearson’s r / Spearman’s ρ; predict → regression.
Cohen (1988) effect sizes: small 0.10 · medium 0.30 · large 0.50.
Sampling: Probability (random, stratified, systematic, cluster, multi-stage) vs Non-probability (convenience, purposive, quota, snowball, judgement).
Mixed-methods (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007): 4 designs — Convergent Parallel · Explanatory Sequential · Exploratory Sequential · Embedded.

Topic 9 — Steps of Research

Topic 9 · Steps of Research — Quick Recall

9 steps: Problem → Literature → Hypothesis → Design → Sampling → Collection → Analysis → Interpretation → Reporting.
Good research problem: Researchable, Significant, Original, Clear, Feasible, Ethical, Specific.
Lit-review purposes: map, gap, avoid duplication, refine problem, framework, method guide, credibility.
Lit-review types: Narrative · Systematic (PRISMA) · Meta-analysis (Glass 1976) · Scoping · Integrative.
Hypothesis definitions: Goode & Hatt — “proposition testable for validity”; Kerlinger — “conjectural statement of relation between two or more variables”.
Hypothesis types: Research/H₁ · Null/H₀ · Directional · Non-directional · Statistical.
Type I (α) = false positive · Type II (β) = false negative · Power = 1 − β ≥ 0.80 · α = 0.05.
4 validity layers (Shadish, Cook & Campbell 2002): Statistical conclusion · Internal · Construct · External.
Sampling vocabulary: Population · Target · Accessible · Frame · Unit · Parameter vs Statistic · Sampling error vs Non-sampling error.
Probability: SRS · Stratified · Systematic · Cluster · Multi-stage · PPS. Non-probability: Convenience · Purposive · Quota · Snowball · Voluntary.
Cochran’s formula: n₀ = Z²·p(1-p)/e²; Z=1.96 for 95% CI.
Reliability: test-retest, parallel-form, split-half, KR-20/21, Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.70.
Validity: content, construct, criterion (concurrent & predictive), face.
Quantitative software: SPSS · R · Python · SAS · Stata · JASP · jamovi. Qualitative: NVivo · ATLAS.ti · MAXQDA · Dedoose.
Inferential errors: correlation-causation · over-generalisation · p-hacking · HARKing · confirmation/survivorship bias.
IMRaD: Introduction · Methods · Results · and Discussion (plus Abstract, References, Appendices).
Reporting standards: CONSORT (trials) · STROBE (observational) · PRISMA (reviews) · COREQ/SRQR (qualitative) · GRADE (evidence).
Indian repositories: Shodhganga (theses) · Shodhgangotri (synopses) · VIDWAN (experts) · e-ShodhSindhu (journals) · e-PG Pathshala (PG content) · NDLI.

Topic 10 — Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing

Topic 10 · Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing — Quick Recall

Thesis vs Dissertation vs Article: Thesis (PhD in India/UK) · Dissertation (Master’s/MPhil in India; PhD in US) · Article (peer-reviewed paper).
Thesis 3 big parts: Front matter (roman pages) · Main body (Arabic) · End matter.
Front matter: Title · Declaration · Certificate · Plagiarism report · Acknowledgements · Abstract · TOC · Lists.
6 standard chapters: Introduction · Literature Review · Methodology · Data Analysis/Results · Discussion · Summary, Conclusion & Recommendations.
End matter: References · Appendices · Glossary · Index · Author’s publications.
UGC 2018: plagiarism cap ≤ 10 %; UGC-CARE list of journals.
UGC 2022: PhD regs — pre-submission seminar, mandatory Shodhganga deposit, ≥ 2 examiners.
IMRaD: Introduction · Methods · Results · and Discussion (formalised by ANSI 1972).
Reporting standards: CONSORT (trials) · STROBE (observational) · PRISMA (reviews) · COREQ/SRQR (qualitative) · GRADE · STARD · CARE · MIAME.
Indian repositories: Shodhganga (theses) · Shodhgangotri (synopses) · VIDWAN (experts) · e-ShodhSindhu (journals) · NDLI · e-PG Pathshala.
Identifiers: DOI · ISBN (book) · ISSN (journal) · ORCID (researcher) · PMID · arXiv ID · Scopus Author ID.
Latin abbreviations: et al. (and others) · ibid. (same place) · op. cit. (work cited) · cf. (compare) · e.g. (example) · i.e. (that is) · viz. (namely) · sic (thus written).
Citation styles: APA (social sci, 7th 2019) · MLA (humanities, 9th 2021) · Chicago (history/arts, 17th 2017) · Harvard (generic AD) · Vancouver/ICMJE (medicine) · IEEE (engineering) · CSE (biology) · AMA · OSCOLA · Bluebook · Turabian.
Style mnemonic by in-text form: (Smith, 2020) = APA · (Smith 23) = MLA · [1] = IEEE/Vancouver · Footnote = Chicago NB/OSCOLA/Bluebook.
Reference order: alphabetical (APA, MLA, Harvard) vs citation-order (Vancouver, IEEE).
Reference managers: Zotero · Mendeley · EndNote · RefWorks · JabRef · Citavi · Paperpile.
Plagiarism tools: Turnitin · iThenticate · Drillbit. AI-detection: GPTZero · Turnitin AI · Originality.ai.
Metrics: JIF (2-yr, Clarivate) · CiteScore (4-yr, Scopus) · SJR · SNIP · h-index (Hirsch 2005) · i10-index · Altmetrics.
Indian lists: UGC-CARE (Group I & II) · NAAS Score (agriculture) · ABDC List (commerce/management).

Topic 11 — Application of ICT in research

Topic 11 · Application of ICT in research — Quick Recall

ICT covers every step: discovery, design, sampling, collection, analysis, interpretation, reporting, sharing.
Boolean operators: AND (narrow), OR (broaden), NOT (exclude); “…” exact phrase; * truncation; ( ) grouping.
Citation indexes: Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate).
Academic search: Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, BASE, CORE, Lens, Dimensions.
Discipline-specific: PubMed (medicine), ERIC (education), JSTOR (humanities), arXiv (physics/CS), SSRN (social sci), bioRxiv/medRxiv/PsyArXiv, RePEc (econ), IEEE Xplore (engg).
Indian platforms (INFLIBNET, Gandhinagar): Shodhganga (theses) · Shodhgangotri (synopses) · e-ShodhSindhu (e-journals) · VIDWAN (experts) · N-LIST (colleges) · SWAYAM Prabha (DTH).
MoE-led: NDLI (IIT Kharagpur) · SWAYAM · NPTEL · e-PG Pathshala · NMEICT · AISHE · NIRF · ABC · NAD · DigiKlocker.
Compute infrastructure: C-DAC PARAM series (1991 PARAM 8000; PARAM Siddhi-AI, PARAM Ananta) · NSM (National Supercomputing Mission) · NKN (NIC, 10 Gbps backbone) · Garuda Grid.
Funding bodies: DST/SERB (now ANRF) · DBT · CSIR · ICMR · ICSSR · ICAR · UGC JRF/SRF · PMRF.
Open access infrastructure: DOAJ (journals) · OpenDOAR · ROAR (repositories) · SHERPA/RoMEO (self-archiving policies) · Plan S / cOAlition S (2018 funder mandate).
Reference managers: Zotero (OSS) · Mendeley (free Elsevier) · EndNote (paid) · RefWorks · JabRef (BibTeX) · Citavi · Paperpile · BibDesk.
Survey platforms: Google/MS Forms · SurveyMonkey · Qualtrics · LimeSurvey (OSS) · KoBoToolbox (OSS field) · ODK · REDCap.
Survey modes: CAPI · CATI · CAWI · CASI.
Quant analysis: SPSS · R · Python · SAS · Stata · JASP · jamovi · MATLAB · Minitab · Excel.
Qual analysis: NVivo · ATLAS.ti · MAXQDA · Dedoose · QDA Miner · Quirkos · Taguette.
Writing/typesetting: Word · Google Docs · LaTeX/Overleaf · Quarto · R Markdown · Jupyter · Scrivener · Notion · Obsidian.
Visualisation: Tableau · Power BI · ggplot2 · matplotlib · D3.js · QGIS · ArcGIS · Bhuvan (ISRO).
Plagiarism: Turnitin · iThenticate · Drillbit (UGC-empanelled, India).
AI-detection: GPTZero · Turnitin AI · Originality.ai · Copyleaks · ZeroGPT.
GenAI research tools: Elicit · Consensus · Scite · SciSpace · Connected Papers · Research Rabbit · Perplexity · ChatGPT · Claude · Gemini · Copilot.
GenAI disclosure: Major journals REQUIRE disclosure; AI CANNOT be a co-author.
Identifiers: DOI (article) · ISBN (book) · ISSN (journal) · ORCID (researcher) · PMID · arXiv ID.
CC licences (6): BY · BY-SA · BY-ND · BY-NC · BY-NC-SA · BY-NC-ND.
Risks: Predatory journals (Beall’s / Cabells) · Paper mills · Citation rings · Data fabrication · AI hallucinations · Hijacked journals.

Topic 12 — Research ethics

Topic 12 · Research ethics — Quick Recall

5 core principles: Beneficence · Non-maleficence · Justice · Autonomy · Integrity.
Belmont 3 (1979): Respect for Persons · Beneficence · Justice.
Beauchamp & Childress 4 (1979): Autonomy · Beneficence · Non-maleficence · Justice.
FFP misconduct: Fabrication · Falsification · Plagiarism.
Other misconduct/QRP: Authorship abuse · Salami slicing · Self-plagiarism · HARKing · p-hacking · Cherry-picking · Coercive citation · COI non-disclosure · Image manipulation.
Types of plagiarism: Verbatim · Mosaic · Paraphrase · Self · Translation · Source-based · Idea · Accidental.
UGC 2018 plagiarism levels: L0 ≤10% (OK) · L1 >10–40% (warn/revise) · L2 >40–60% (debar 1yr / 2yr no supervise) · L3 >60% (registration cancelled / 3yr no supervise).
Codes timeline: Nuremberg 1947 (consent) → Helsinki 1964 (WMA; latest 2024) → Belmont 1979 (3 principles) → CIOMS 1982 (international biomedical) → Singapore 2010 (integrity).
Historical triggers: Nazi experiments → Nuremberg; Tuskegee 1932–72 → Belmont; HeLa 1951 → biospecimen consent; Willowbrook → IRB reform; Milgram/Zimbardo → psych ethics.
3Rs (Russell & Burch 1959): Replace · Reduce · Refine.
ICMJE 4 criteria: Substantial contribution · Drafting/revision · Final approval · Accountability.
Authorship abuses: Ghost · Guest/Honorary · Gift · Coercive · Anonymous.
CRediT taxonomy — explicit contributor roles.
4 elements of consent: Disclosure · Comprehension · Voluntariness · Competence.
IRB / IEC categories: Exempt · Expedited · Full board.
Indian bodies: IEC (NDCT Rules 2019, CDSCO registration) · IACUC/CPCSEA (PCA Act 1960) · IBSC (RCGM, DBT) · GEAC · DAIC/IAIC (UGC 2018).
FAIR data (Wilkinson 2016): Findable · Accessible · Interoperable · Reusable.
Privacy/IP India: DPDP Act 2023 · Patents Act 1970 (2005) · Copyright 1957 · Trade Marks 1999 · GI Act 1999 · PPV&FR 2001 · National IPR Policy 2016.
International IP: WIPO · TRIPS 1995.
ICMR Guidelines: 2000 → 2006 → 2017.
NDCT Rules: 2019 (replaced Schedule Y).
DORA 2012: anti-JIF for evaluation. COPE 1997: editor flowcharts. Singapore Statement 2010. Retraction Watch 2010.
Asilomar 1975: dual-use precedent (rDNA). Nagoya 2010: access & benefit-sharing.
AI disclosure: required; AI cannot be a co-author.

Module III — Comprehension

Topic 13 — A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered

Topic 13 · A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered — Quick Recall

NTA pattern: one passage (250–400 words) + 5 MCQs. Time budget ~8 min.
Definition: active construction of meaning (RAND 2002; PISA).
Kintsch 3 layers (1988): Surface code · Text base · Situation model.
4 levels: L1 Literal · L2 Inferential · L3 Critical · L4 Applied.
5 NTA question types: Main idea · Detail · Vocabulary-in-context · Inference · Tone/Purpose.
Variant stems: “primarily argues” (main idea) · “according to” (detail) · “most nearly means” (vocab) · “can be inferred” (inference) · “best described as” (tone) · “most weakens / strengthens” (critical) · “best illustrates” (applied).
7 steps: Skim questions → Read actively → Main idea → Predict → Eliminate → Match → Re-check stem.
Reading speeds: skim 600–800 · scan 1000+ · normal 200–250 · critical 100–150 wpm.
5 skills: Skimming · Scanning · Intensive · Extensive · Critical.
Main idea typically: first or last sentence (expository); after evidence (inductive argument).
Topic vs Main Idea vs Theme: subject · one-sentence claim · underlying concern.
6 rhetorical modes: Expository · Argumentative · Narrative · Descriptive · Compare-Contrast · Cause-Effect.
Transition functions: Addition · Contrast · Cause/Effect · Example · Emphasis · Sequence · Summary · Concession.
Tone clusters: Positive · Negative · Neutral · Persuasive · Emotional · Detached.
Inference tests: must follow logically; cannot be FALSE while passage is TRUE; no extreme words; no outside knowledge.
8 distractor traps: Too broad · Too narrow · Out of scope · Half-right · Cause/effect reversed · Extreme language · Plausible-but-unsupported · Twists meaning.
Theorists: Thorndike 1917 (reading=reasoning) · Goodman 1967 (psycholinguistic guessing game) · Rumelhart 1980 (schema theory) · Kintsch 1988 (CI model) · Frank Smith 1971 · Marie Clay 1979 (Reading Recovery) · PISA/OECD 2000 onwards.

Module IV — Communication

Topic 14 — Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication

Topic 14 · Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication — Quick Recall

Etymology: Latin communicare = “to share, to make common”.
5 definitions to remember: Aristotle (persuasion) · Lasswell (5W) · Schramm (oneness of thought) · Berelson & Steiner (transmission via symbols) · Keith Davis (passing information and understanding).
7 elements: Sender · Encoding · Message · Channel · Decoding · Receiver · Feedback. (+ Noise, Context, Effect).
Aristotle: Speaker → Speech → Audience; Ethos, Pathos, Logos.
Lasswell (1948): WHO · WHAT · CHANNEL · WHOM · EFFECT. 3 functions: Surveillance · Correlation · Transmission. Wright (1959) added Entertainment.
Shannon-Weaver (1948–49): Source-Transmitter-Channel-Receiver-Destination + Noise. “Mother of all models.” Introduced encoding/decoding.
Schramm (1954): “Father of communication studies.” Field of experience; circular/cyclic.
Osgood-Schramm (1954): Encoding-Interpreting-Decoding cycle.
Westley-MacLean (1957): Gatekeeper concept.
Newcomb (1953): ABX model — A, B communicate about X; equilibrium of attitudes.
Berlo SMCR (1960): Source · Message · Channel · Receiver. Each has 5 sub-factors. Channel = 5 senses. S & R sub-factors = Skills, Attitudes, Knowledge, Social system, Culture. M sub-factors = Content, Elements, Treatment, Structure, Code.
Jakobson (1960): 6 language functions — Referential · Emotive · Conative · Poetic · Phatic · Metalingual.
Dance helix (1967): cumulative spiral.
Barnlund (1970): transactional — simultaneously sender and receiver.
3 generations of models: Linear (1948–60) · Interactional/Circular (1953–57) · Transactional/Helical (1967–70).
Types by number: Intrapersonal · Interpersonal · Group · Public · Mass.
Types by channel: Verbal · Non-verbal · Written · Visual · Audio · Digital.
Types by direction: Downward · Upward · Horizontal · Diagonal · External.
Types by formality: Formal · Informal/Grapevine.
Keith Davis (1953) — 4 grapevine patterns: Cluster (most common) · Single-strand · Gossip · Probability.
Cutlip & Center 7 Cs (1952): Clarity · Conciseness · Concreteness · Correctness · Coherence · Completeness · Courtesy. (+ optional Consideration / Credibility.)
AIDA marketing: Attention · Interest · Desire · Action.
5W + 1H · KISS · YOU-attitude · Empathy.
4 barrier categories (preview of Topic 16): Physical · Semantic · Psychological · Cultural/Social · Organisational.

Topic 15 — Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication

Topic 15 · Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication — Quick Recall

Mehrabian (1971): 7-38-55 — words / tone / body (emotional content only).
Birdwhistell (1970): 65 % non-verbal in typical conversation.
Verbal: Oral vs Written. LSRW: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing.
Listening levels: Passive · Discriminative · Comprehensive · Critical · Empathic · Active.
Paralanguage: pitch, volume, rate, tone, intonation, articulation, pauses, fillers.
Non-verbal sub-types: Kinesics (Birdwhistell 1952) · Proxemics (Hall 1966) · Chronemics (Hall) · Haptics (Heslin) · Oculesics (Kendon 1967) · Paralanguage (Trager 1958) · Olfactics · Artifactics · Chromatics.
Ekman & Friesen (1969): 5 gesture categories — Emblems · Illustrators · Affect displays · Regulators · Adaptors.
Ekman’s 6+1 emotions: Happiness · Sadness · Anger · Fear · Surprise · Disgust (+ Contempt). FACS.
Hall’s 4 proxemic zones: Intimate 0–1.5 ft · Personal 1.5–4 ft · Social 4–12 ft · Public 12+ ft.
Heslin’s 5 touch categories: Functional · Social · Friendship · Love · Sexual.
Knapp & Hall — 6 functions of non-verbal: Repeat · Substitute · Complement · Accent · Regulate · Contradict (leakage).
Hall — High-context vs Low-context. India = high-context.
Hofstede 6 dimensions: PDI · IDV · MAS · UAI · LTO · IVR.
Trompenaars 7 dimensions (1997).
Bennett DMIS (1986): 6 stages — Denial, Defense, Minimisation, Acceptance, Adaptation, Integration.
Cultural Intelligence (CQ): Earley & Ang 2003.
Tuckman (1965, +1977): Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning.
Belbin (1981) 9 roles in 3 clusters: Action (Shaper, Implementer, Completer-Finisher) · People (Coordinator, Teamworker, Resource Investigator) · Thought (Plant, Monitor-Evaluator, Specialist).
Bavelas-Leavitt 5 networks: Chain · Y · Wheel · Circle · All-Channel. Wheel = fastest simple; All-Channel = best complex.
Janis (1972) Groupthink: 8 symptoms. Bay of Pigs case.
Group phenomena: Social loafing (Ringelmann) · Polarisation · Risky shift · Brainstorming (Osborn 1953) · NGT · Delphi.
Classroom: Flanders FIACS (1960): 10 categories, 3-sec sampling; i/d ratio.
IRF / Triadic dialogue: Sinclair & Coulthard 1975; Mehan 1979.
Wait-time: Mary Budd Rowe (1972), 3+ sec after question.
Dialogic teaching: Robin Alexander 2008.

Topic 16 — Barriers to effective communication

Topic 16 · Barriers to effective communication — Quick Recall

Barrier = anything that distorts/blocks/filters a message.
5 categories: Physical · Semantic · Psychological · Organisational · Cultural. (+ Mechanical/Technological.)
Noise (Shannon-Weaver 1948-49): Physical · Semantic · Psychological · Physiological.
Physical barriers: background noise, distance, equipment, time zones, acoustics, bandwidth.
Semantic barriers: different languages, jargon, ambiguity, polysemy, bypassing, bad grammar, connotation vs denotation, faulty translation, accent.
Psychological barriers: emotion, selective perception (Allport), filtering, prejudice, premature evaluation (Carl Rogers 1952), info overload, halo effect (Thorndike 1920), defensiveness, cognitive biases (Kahneman System 1).
Allport & Postman (1947): Levelling · Sharpening · Assimilation.
Carl Rogers (1952): evaluative listening = biggest barrier; remedy = empathic listening.
Organisational barriers: long hierarchy, status, overload/underload, wrong channel, no feedback loop, politics, faulty timing.
Cultural barriers: language, value systems, gestures, proxemics, time orientation (M vs P), high vs low context (Hall), ethnocentrism, stereotyping, power distance (Hofstede).
Johari Window (Luft & Ingham, 1955): 4 panes — Open · Blind · Hidden · Unknown. Grow Open via self-disclosure (↓Hidden) and feedback (↓Blind).
Transactional Analysis (Berne, 1964): Parent · Adult · Child. Crossed transactions = barrier.
Mum Effect (Tesser & Rosen, 1972): reluctance to deliver bad news.
Listening barriers: hearing≠listening · pretending · selective · defensive · trap-hunting · solution-jumping · multitasking · trigger-word.
Overcoming barriers (12 strategies): Plan · 7 Cs · KISS · empathy · active listening · feedback · right channel · redundancy · timing · body language · CQ · psychological safety.

Topic 17 — Mass-Media and Society

Topic 17 · Mass-Media and Society — Quick Recall

Mass media types: Print · Audio (radio) · Audio-visual (TV/cinema) · Outdoor · Digital/New · Convergent.
Indian milestones: Bengal Gazette (Hicky 1780) · AIR 1923/1936 (Akashvani 1957) · DD 1959 (commercial 1965) · SITE 1975-76 · Prasar Bharati Act 1990 (operational 1997).
Lasswell (1948): Surveillance · Correlation · Transmission of social heritage. Wright (1959) added Entertainment.
McQuail 6 functions: Information · Correlation · Continuity · Entertainment · Mobilisation · Surveillance.
Merton & Lazarsfeld (1948): narcotising dysfunction, status conferral.
Hypodermic Needle (1920s-40s): passive audience, direct effect.
Two-Step Flow (Lazarsfeld 1944; Katz & Lazarsfeld 1955): media → opinion leaders → public.
Limited Effects (Klapper 1960): media reinforce existing dispositions; selective exposure/attention/perception/retention.
Uses & Gratifications (Katz, Blumler, Gurevitch 1974): active audience; 5 gratifications — cognitive, affective, personal integrative, social integrative, tension release.
Agenda-Setting (McCombs & Shaw 1972): “what to think about”; Bernard Cohen 1963 quote.
Spiral of Silence (Noelle-Neumann 1974): silence on minority opinions.
Cultivation (Gerbner 1976): mean-world syndrome; mainstreaming + resonance.
Encoding-Decoding (Hall 1973): Dominant · Negotiated · Oppositional.
Knowledge-gap (Tichenor, Donohue, Olien 1970): higher SES learns faster.
Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers 1962): Innovators 2.5% · Early Adopters 13.5% · Early Majority 34% · Late Majority 34% · Laggards 16%.
Framing (Goffman 1974; Entman 1993).
Cultural Imperialism (Schiller 1977).
McLuhan (1964): medium is the message; global village; hot vs cool media.
Network Society (Castells 1996).
Filter Bubble (Pariser 2011). Surveillance Capitalism (Zuboff 2019).
Bandura Bobo doll (1961): media-aggression imitation.
3 generations: Powerful effects (1920s-40s) → Limited effects (1940s-60s) → Cumulative/Constructive (1970s+).
Indian regulators: MIB · MeitY · TRAI · PCI · NBDA · IBDF · CBFC · RNI · PIB.
Laws: Press Council Act 1978 · Cable TV Networks Act 1995 · IT Act 2000 · IT Rules 2021 · DPDP Act 2023.
National Press Day: 16 November. IIMC: New Delhi 1965.
Misinformation vs disinformation vs mal-information. Fact-checkers: Alt News, BoomLive, FactCheck.in, Vishvas News, PIB Fact Check.

Module V — Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

Topic 18 — Types of reasoning

Topic 18 · Types of reasoning — Quick Recall

Reasoning = drawing conclusions from premises; two questions — direction & certainty.
5 main types: Deductive · Inductive · Abductive · Analogical · Critical.
Deductive (Aristotle): general → particular; necessary if valid + true premises. Syllogism = 2 premises + conclusion.
4 categorical propositions: A (All S are P, universal affirmative) · E (No S are P) · I (Some S are P) · O (Some S are not P). From Latin affirmo / nego.
Square of opposition: Contradictories (A↔︎O, E↔︎I) · Contraries (A↔︎E) · Subcontraries (I↔︎O) · Subalterns (A→I, E→O).
5 valid forms: Modus Ponens · Modus Tollens · Hypothetical Syllogism · Disjunctive Syllogism · Constructive Dilemma.
3 classic formal fallacies: Affirming the Consequent · Denying the Antecedent · Undistributed Middle.
Inductive (Bacon 1620, Mill 1843): particular → general; probable. Sub-types: enumerative, causal, statistical, inductive analogy, predictive.
Bacon (Novum Organum, 1620): 3 tables (agreement, difference, degrees).
Mill (System of Logic, 1843) — 5 methods: Agreement · Difference · Joint · Residues · Concomitant Variation.
Hume: problem of induction. Popper: falsificationism replaces inductivism.
Abductive (Peirce): inference to best explanation. Used in detective, medical, scientific hypothesising.
Analogical: A like B; A has P; therefore B probably has P. (Topic 23.)
Critical: evaluative. 15+ informal fallacies — ad hominem · authority · emotion · ignorance · ad populum · straw man · red herring · false dilemma · slippery slope · petitio principii · hasty generalisation · post hoc · composition/division · equivocation · circular.
Cognitive biases (Kahneman-Tversky): confirmation · anchoring · availability · representativeness · framing · hindsight · sunk-cost · loss aversion.
Indian tradition: Nyāya pancāvayava — Pratijñā · Hetu · Udāharaṇa · Upanaya · Nigamana (Topic 25).
Other reasoning sub-types: sequential, spatial, numerical, verbal, diagrammatic, coding-decoding, direction sense, blood relations, statement-conclusion/assumption/argument.

Topic 19 — Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships

Topic 19 · Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships — Quick Recall

Number series patterns: AP · GP · Squares · Cubes · Fibonacci · Primes · Mixed-operation · Increasing-difference.
Memorise: First 10 squares (1-100), cubes (1-1000), primes (2-29), Fibonacci (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89), triangular numbers (1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21).
4-step recipe: differences → AP/GP check → second differences / alternating → special families.
Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26. EJOTY mnemonic: E5, J10, O15, T20, Y25.
Reverse position = 27 − forward position.
Letter-series patterns: Skip-constant · Skip-growing · Pair · Alternating · Vowel/consonant · Group-of-three.
6 code types: Caesar shift · Reverse alphabet · Number substitution · Pair swap · Mathematical operation · Word-relationship.
Code identity: position + reverse-position = 27.
Blood relations: Draw the tree; use “+/−” or “☐/◯”; horizontal = spouse, vertical = parent-child; “only son/daughter” trick = the speaker/their child themselves.
Direction sense: N↔︎S · E↔︎W; right-rotation from N: N→E→S→W; sunrise=East; Pythagoras for L-shaped distance.
Common combo: net displacement (opposite cancels, perpendicular Pythagoras).
Mental habits: examine first 2-3 terms slowly · compute differences and ratios · eliminate · test on full series · draw for relations & directions · time-box 90 sec.

Topic 20 — Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.)

Topic 20 · Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.) — Quick Recall

Number system: N · W · Z · Q · Irrational · R · Prime · Composite.
HCF × LCM = product of two numbers.
Percentage: x % = x/100. Successive a%, b% → net = a + b + ab/100.
Fraction-percent equivalents: 1/2=50% · 1/3=33⅓% · 1/4=25% · 1/5=20% · 1/6=16⅔% · 1/8=12½% · 1/10=10%.
Ratio & Proportion: a×d = b×c. Mean prop = √(ab); Third prop = b²/a; Fourth prop = bc/a.
Direct prop: y ↑ as x ↑. Inverse prop: xy = constant.
Partnership profit ratio = (P × t) per partner.
Profit/Loss: P% = (P/CP)×100. Equal-SP trap: loss = (x²/100)%.
SP = CP(100±x)/100. CP = SP×100/(100+x).
SI = PRT/100. CI = P(1+R/100)^T − P.
CI−SI for 2 years = P(R/100)².
Banker’s discount > True discount.
Average: sum/n. Avg of first n naturals = (n+1)/2.
Equal-distance avg speed (harmonic mean) = 2ab/(a+b).
TSD conversion: km/h × 5/18 = m/s.
Relative speed: opposite = sum; same direction = difference.
Train + pole: L/v. Train + platform: (L+P)/v.
Boat: boat = (down+up)/2; stream = (down−up)/2.
Time-work: combined = ab/(a+b). Pipes: net = sum (negative for empties).
Permutation ⁿPᵣ = n!/(n−r)!. Combination ⁿCᵣ = n!/[r!(n−r)!]. Circular = (n−1)!.
Probability: P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)−P(A&B). Independent: P(A&B) = P(A)P(B).
Leap year: divisible by 4; centenary divisible by 400.
Clock angle = |30H − 5.5M|°. Hands coincide 22 times in 12 hrs; perpendicular 44 times.
Mensuration: Square a², Rectangle l×b, Triangle ½bh, Circle πr², Sphere 4πr² / (4/3)πr³, Cylinder πr²h, Cone (1/3)πr²h, Cube a³.

Module VI — Logical Reasoning

Topic 21 — Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition

Topic 21 · Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition — Quick Recall

Argument = premises + conclusion + inference.
Premise indicators: since, because, for, given that. Conclusion indicators: therefore, hence, so, thus.
Deductive (valid/invalid; sound/unsound) vs Inductive (strong/weak; cogent/uncogent).
Sound = valid + true premises.
4 categorical propositions: A (All S are P, U+) · E (No S are P, U−) · I (Some S are P, P+) · O (Some S are not P, P−). Codes from Latin affirmo/nego.
Distribution: A → S only · E → both · I → neither · O → P only.
Square of opposition: Contradictories (A↔︎O, E↔︎I) · Contraries (A↔︎E) · Subcontraries (I↔︎O) · Subalterns (A→I, E→O).
Syllogism = 2 premises + 1 conclusion; 3 terms — Major (P), Minor (S), Middle (M). Middle appears in both premises, never in conclusion.
Mood = sequence of A/E/I/O types (64 possibilities); Figure = position of middle term (4 figures).
4 figures: F1 M-P / S-M · F2 P-M / S-M · F3 M-P / M-S · F4 P-M / M-S.
24 valid moods. F1 mnemonic: Barbara (AAA), Celarent (EAE), Darii (AII), Ferio (EIO).
6 rules of validity: 3 terms only · M distributed at least once · no illicit distribution · no two negatives · negative premise → negative conclusion · no two particulars.
6 formal fallacies: Four Terms · Undistributed Middle · Illicit Major/Minor · Exclusive Premises · Affirmative-from-Negative · Existential.
Informal fallacies — 3 groups:
- Relevance: ad hominem, ad populum, ad verecundiam (authority), ad baculum (force), ad misericordiam (pity), ad ignorantiam, ignoratio elenchi / red herring, tu quoque, genetic, straw man.
- Presumption: begging the question (petitio principii), complex question, false cause (post hoc), false analogy, hasty generalisation, slippery slope, false dilemma.
- Ambiguity: equivocation, amphiboly, composition, division, accent.
3 uses of language (Copi & Cohen): Informative · Expressive · Directive. (+ ceremonial, performative, phatic.)
Connotation (intension) vs Denotation (extension) — J.S. Mill, 1843. Inverse rule: ↑ connotation → ↓ denotation.
Toulmin (1958): Claim · Data · Warrant model.

Topic 22 — Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning

Topic 22 · Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning — Quick Recall

Deductive: general → particular; necessary; valid/invalid + sound/unsound.
Inductive: particular → general; probable; strong/weak + cogent/uncogent.
Soundness = valid + true premises.
Test for validity: truth-table · counter-example · Venn diagram.
5 valid forms: Modus Ponens · Modus Tollens · Hypothetical Syllogism · Disjunctive Syllogism · Constructive Dilemma.
3 formal fallacies: Affirming Consequent · Denying Antecedent · Undistributed Middle.
Aristotle: categorical syllogism; A, E, I, O; 24 valid moods.
Inductive types (5): Enumerative · Causal · Statistical · Analogical · Predictive.
6 criteria for strong induction: sample size · representativeness · variety · no ignored counter-examples · relevance · consistency with background knowledge.
Bacon (Novum Organum, 1620): 3 tables — agreement, difference, degrees.
Mill (System of Logic, 1843) — 5 Methods: Agreement · Difference · Joint · Residues · Concomitant Variation.
Hume (1748): problem of induction (uniformity of nature is circular).
Popper (1959): falsificationism replaces inductivism. One counter-example refutes a universal claim.
Peirce: abduction — inference to best explanation.
Inductive fallacies: hasty generalisation · biased sample · post hoc · cherry-picking · survivorship bias · base-rate neglect · confirmation bias · correlation/causation confusion.
Quantitative research = often deductive; qualitative = often inductive; mixed = both.

Topic 23 — Analogies

Topic 23 · Analogies — Quick Recall

Analogy form: A : B :: C : D — “A is to B as C is to D”.
3-step approach: identify relation precisely → state it as a sentence → apply to C.
16 standard word-analogy relations: Synonym · Antonym · Part-Whole · Whole-Part · Worker-Tool · Worker-Product · Cause-Effect · Function · Place/Habitat · Symbol-Reality · Degree/Intensity · Container · Classification · Object-Material · Sex/Gender · Young-Adult.
Other useful types: Country-Capital · Country-Currency · Country-Language · Profession-Place · Tool-Object · Quantity-Unit · Subject-Study · Author-Book · Quality-Person · Performer-Action.
Number-analogy operations: addition/subtraction · multiplication/division · square/cube · square-root/cube-root · successor/predecessor · sequence position (primes/squares/cubes/Fibonacci) · factorial.
Letter-analogy patterns: forward-skip · reverse-pair · position arithmetic · mirror (A↔︎Z) · letter-to-word position.
Figure-analogy transformations: rotation · reflection · inversion · add/remove element · embedding · pattern progression.
Analogical reasoning logic = inductive. 5 strength factors: number of shared respects · relevance · variety · absence of disqualifying differences · modesty of conclusion.
False analogy fallacy — extending to an irrelevant feature.
Indian Nyāya — Upamāna is one of the pramāṇas, valid sources of knowledge (Topic 26).
Modern uses: Bruner spiral curriculum · scientific hypothesis generation · word-vector arithmetic (king − man + woman ≈ queen).
Theory anchors: Aristotle (Rhetoric, Topics) · Gautama Nyāya · Mary Hesse 1966 · Hofstadter · Dedre Gentner (Structure-Mapping 1983) · Bruner · word2vec 2013.

Topic 24 — Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments

Topic 24 · Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments — Quick Recall

Venn diagrams — John Venn 1880. Each circle = a set; overlaps = intersections.
Set vocabulary: ∪ union, ∩ intersection, − difference, ’ complement, ⊆ subset, ∅ empty, U universal, n(A) cardinality.
Inclusion-exclusion (2 sets): n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A∩B).
Inclusion-exclusion (3 sets): n(A∪B∪C) = sum of singles − sum of pairs + triple.
De Morgan: (A∪B)’ = A’∩B’; (A∩B)’ = A’∪B’.
A — All S are P → S inside P (or shade S outside P).
E — No S are P → disjoint circles (or shade S∩P).
I — Some S are P → x in S∩P (overlapping).
O — Some S are not P → x in S − P.
3-circle Venn test for syllogism: shade universal premise first; place x for particular; if conclusion forced → valid.
Word-problem heuristic: “All X are Y” → X inside Y; “Some” → overlap; “No” → disjoint.
Euler vs Venn: Euler shows only actual relations; Venn shows all possible intersections + shades empty ones.
Historical: Aristotle (no diagrams) → Leibniz → Euler 1768 → John Venn 1880 → Boole 1847 → Peirce.
Limitations: > 3 sets needs ellipses; existential commitment differs between Aristotelian and Boolean readings.

Topic 25 — Indian Logic: Means of knowledge

Topic 25 · Indian Logic: Means of knowledge — Quick Recall

Four epistemic concepts: Pramā (valid knowledge) · Pramātṛ (knower) · Prameya (object) · Pramāṇa (means).
Four types of cognition: Pramā · Saṃśaya (doubt) · Viparyaya/Bhrama (error, e.g., rope-snake) · Smṛti (memory).
Six classical pramāṇas: Pratyakṣa · Anumāna · Upamāna · Śabda · Arthāpatti · Anupalabdhi.
Number by school: 1 Cārvāka (Pratyakṣa) · 2 Buddhist + Vaiśeṣika (Prat, Anum) · 3 Sāṃkhya + Yoga (+ Śabda) · 4 Nyāya (+ Upamāna) · 5 Prābhākara Mīmāṃsā (+ Arthāpatti) · 6 Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā + Advaita Vedānta (+ Anupalabdhi).
6 orthodox (āstika) schools: Sāṃkhya (Kapila) · Yoga (Patañjali) · Nyāya (Gautama) · Vaiśeṣika (Kaṇāda) · Pūrva Mīmāṃsā (Jaimini) · Vedānta (Bādarāyaṇa).
3 heterodox (nāstika): Cārvāka (Bṛhaspati legendary) · Buddhism · Jainism.
Cārvāka = materialist + hedonist; perception only.
Buddhist Pramāṇavāda: Vasubandhu → Dignāga (5–6th c., Pramāṇa-samuccaya) → Dharmakīrti (7th c., Pramāṇa-vārttika). Svārtha vs Parārtha anumāna.
Vaiśeṣika (Kaṇāda) — atomism (paramāṇu); 7 padārthas.
Sāṃkhya (Kapila) — Puruṣa + Prakṛti, 25 tattvas. Yoga (Patañjali) — 8 limbs.
Nyāya (Gautama / Akṣapāda, Nyāya Sūtras ~2nd c. CE) — 16 padārthas; 5-step syllogism Pratijñā → Hetu → Udāharaṇa → Upanaya → Nigamana.
Mīmāṃsā: Pūrva = Jaimini (Vedic ritual); Bhāṭṭa (Kumārila, 6 pramāṇas) vs Prābhākara (5 pramāṇas).
Vedānta: Bādarāyaṇa → Śaṅkara (Advaita, ~800 CE) → Rāmānuja (Viśiṣṭādvaita, 11–12th c.) → Madhva (Dvaita, 13th c.).
Jain knowledge — 5 types: Mati · Śruta · Avadhi · Manaḥ-paryāya · Kevala (omniscience). Anekāntavāda + Syādvāda.
Navya-Nyāya (New Nyāya): Gaṅgeśa (~12–13th c.), Tattva-cintāmaṇi.
Indian vs Western logic: 5-member vs 3-member syllogism; epistemological vs purely formal focus; hetvābhāsa vs informal fallacies.

Topic 26 — Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabdhi (Non-apprehension)

Topic 26 · Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabdhi (Non-apprehension) — Quick Recall

Six pramāṇas in order: Pratyakṣa · Anumāna · Upamāna · Śabda · Arthāpatti · Anupalabdhi.

Pratyakṣa (Perception) - Gautama: produced from sense-object contact; non-verbal · non-erroneous · definite. - Nirvikalpa (indeterminate) vs Savikalpa (determinate). - 5 external senses + manas (internal sense) = 6. - Laukika (ordinary) vs Alaukika (extraordinary). - Alaukika 3 types: Sāmānyalakṣaṇa (universals) · Jñānalakṣaṇa (from prior cognition) · Yogaja (yogic).

Anumāna (Inference) - Smoke-on-the-hill example. Pakṣa (subject) · Sādhya (predicate) · Hetu/Liṅga (sign) · Vyāpti (invariable concomitance) · Dṛṣṭānta (example). - Svārtha (for self) vs Parārtha (for others). - Nyāya 3 types: Pūrvavat (cause→effect) · Śeṣavat (effect→cause) · Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa (analogical). - Dharmakīrti 3 hetus: Kārya · Svabhāva · Anupalabdhi.

Upamāna (Comparison) - Gavaya (wild bison) example. - Naming-by-similarity. - Accepted as distinct by Nyāya, Mīmāṃsā; subsumed by Vaiśeṣika under inference.

Śabda (Verbal Testimony) - Āpta-vacana — word of a trustworthy person. - Dṛṣṭārtha (perceivable) vs Adṛṣṭārtha (supersensible). - 4 conditions of valid sentence: Āpta · Ākāṅkṣā (expectancy) · Yogyatā (fitness) · Sannidhi (proximity). - Vedas as apauruṣeya (Mīmāṃsā).

Arthāpatti (Postulation) - “Fat Devadatta does not eat by day” → must eat at night. - Dṛṣṭa vs Śruta arthāpatti. - Recognised by Mīmāṃsā + Advaita Vedānta.

Anupalabdhi (Non-apprehension) - “No chair in the room” by not-seeing. - 4 conditions: object perceivable · conditions for perception present · attentive perceiver · no perception. - Added by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā) and accepted by Advaita Vedānta.

Less-tested: Sambhava (inclusion) · Aitihya (tradition) · Pratibhā (intuition) · Ceṣṭā (gesture).

Topic 27 — Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Topic 27 · Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference) — Quick Recall

Anumāna = inference. Accepted by every Indian school except Cārvāka.
Five members of Nyāya syllogism (Pañcāvayava): Pratijñā → Hetu → Udāharaṇa → Upanaya → Nigamana.
Buddhist (Dignāga, Dharmakīrti): 3 members — Pakṣa-dharma, Vyāpti, Conclusion.
Smoke-on-the-hill example: Pakṣa = hill; Sādhya = fire; Hetu/Liṅga = smoke; Vyāpti = “wherever smoke, fire”; Dṛṣṭānta = kitchen.
Three Loci: Pakṣa (subject) · Sapakṣa (positive example) · Vipakṣa (negative example).
Vyāpti = invariable concomitance (niyata-sāhacarya). Vyāpya = pervaded (smoke); Vyāpaka = pervader (fire).
Kinds of anumāna:
- Svārtha vs Parārtha (for self vs for others).
- Pūrvavat (cause→effect) · Śeṣavat (effect→cause) · Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa (analogical).
- Kevalānvayī (only-positive) · Kevalavyatirekī (only-negative) · Anvaya-vyatirekī (both).
Establishing vyāpti: Anvaya (agreement) · Vyatireka (difference) · Sāmānya-lakṣaṇa pratyakṣa · Tarka · Bhūyodarśana.
Dignāga’s Trairūpya — 3 conditions for valid hetu:
1. Pakṣa-dharmatā (in pakṣa).
2. Sapakṣe sattva (in positive example).
3. Vipakṣe asattva (absent from negative example).
Dharmakīrti’s Pañca-rūpa = 3 above + niścitatva (certainty) + abādhita-viṣayatva (not contradicted).
5 Hetvābhāsas (classical Nyāya fallacies of inference):
1. Savyabhicāra / Anaikāntika — inconclusive, hetu too broad (3 sub-types: Sādhāraṇa, Asādhāraṇa, Anupasaṃhārī).
2. Viruddha — contradictory, hetu proves opposite (“Sound is eternal because produced”).
3. Prakaraṇasama / Satpratipakṣa — counterbalanced by equally strong reason.
4. Asiddha / Sādhyasama — unproved hetu (3 sub-types: Āśrayāsiddha, Svarūpāsiddha, Vyāpyatvāsiddha). Sky-lotus example.
5. Bādhita / Kālātīta — contradicted by another pramāṇa (“Fire is cold because substance”).
Navya-Nyāya = Gaṅgeśa (~12-13th c.) Tattva-cintāmaṇi. Precise technical vocabulary; Raghunātha Śiromaṇi, Annaṃbhaṭṭa (Tarka-saṅgraha).
Indian vs Western: 5 vs 3 members; vyāpti-and-sign vs validity-of-form; example required vs not; hetvābhāsa vs formal/informal fallacies.

Module VII — Data Interpretation

Topic 28 — Sources, acquisition and classification of Data

Topic 28 · Sources, acquisition and classification of Data — Quick Recall

Data = raw facts; processed → Information → Knowledge → Wisdom (DIKW, Ackoff 1989).
Sources: Primary (first-hand) vs Secondary (already collected). Internal vs External.
Indian sources: MoSPI (apex); NSO = CSO + NSSO (2019 merger). RGI = Census; RBI = monetary/BoP; NCRB = crime; DGCIS = foreign trade; NFHS (MoHFW); AISHE (MoE); NIRF; NITI Aayog; IMD weather; Bhuvan (ISRO); OGD data.gov.in.
International: UN Stat Division · World Bank · IMF · WHO · OECD · UNESCO · ILO · FAO.
6 primary methods: Direct personal · Indirect oral · Schedules through enumerators · Mailed/online questionnaire · Local correspondents · Observation.
Modes: PAPI · CAPI · CATI · CAWI · CASI.
3 approaches: Survey · Experiment · Observation.
4 bases of classification (Croxton & Cowden): Geographical · Chronological · Qualitative · Quantitative.
Qualitative: simple (dichotomous) vs manifold. Quantitative: discrete vs continuous.
Frequency distribution: class interval, limits, boundaries, width, mark; inclusive vs exclusive; open-ended.
Sturges’ rule (1926): k = 1 + 3.322 log₁₀ N.
Frequencies: absolute · relative · cumulative · percentage.
Table parts (8): number · title · head-note · stub · caption · body · source note · footnote.
Stevens’ scales: N · O · I · R.
Data quality: Validity · Reliability · Completeness · Accuracy · Timeliness.
Errors: Sampling (random, fixed by N) vs Non-sampling (bias, not fixed by N).
Big data 5 Vs: Volume · Velocity · Variety · Veracity · Value.
Mahalanobis (P.C.) — Father of Indian Statistics; founded ISI Kolkata 1931.

Topic 29 — Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Topic 29 · Quantitative and Qualitative Data — Quick Recall

Quantitative: numerical (Interval, Ratio); Qualitative: categorical (Nominal, Ordinal).
Quantitative sub-types: Discrete (count) · Continuous (measurement).
Qualitative sub-types: Nominal (no order) · Ordinal (order).
Stevens NOIR: Nominal · Ordinal · Interval · Ratio. NOIR mnemonic.
3 properties of quantitative data: Central tendency · Dispersion · Shape.
3 Means: AM (= Σx/n) · GM (=ⁿ√Πx) · HM (= n/Σ(1/x)); AM ≥ GM ≥ HM.
Median, Mode, Quartiles. Empirical: Mode ≈ 3 Median − 2 Mean (moderate skew).
Variance σ² · SD σ · CV = σ/x̄ × 100 %.
68-95-99.7 rule for normal distribution.
Skewness: Positive (Mean > Median > Mode) · Negative (Mean < Median < Mode) · Symmetric (Mean = Median = Mode).
Kurtosis: Mesokurtic (normal) · Leptokurtic (sharp) · Platykurtic (flat).
Central tendency by scale: Nominal → Mode · Ordinal → Median · Interval/Ratio → Mean.
Correlation by scale: Nominal → Cramér’s V/φ · Ordinal → Spearman’s ρ, Kendall’s τ · Interval/Ratio → Pearson’s r.
Tests by scale: Nominal → χ², Fisher’s exact · Ordinal → Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis · Interval/Ratio → t-test, ANOVA, regression.
Coding: Dummy/one-hot encoding for categorical → quantitative analysis.
Bar chart = categorical (gaps between bars). Histogram = continuous (bars touch).
Qualitative DATA ≠ Qualitative RESEARCH — different senses of the word.
Indian statistician: P.C. Mahalanobis (ISI 1931); C.R. Rao (Cramér-Rao bound).

Topic 30 — Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data

Topic 30 · Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data — Quick Recall

Why graphs > tables: patterns visible. Tables = precise values.
5 functions of charts: Comparison · Distribution · Composition · Relationship · Geographic.
Bar chart: categorical x-axis, bars have gaps. Variants: simple, grouped, stacked, percent-stacked, horizontal, bilateral. Pareto chart = descending magnitude + cumulative line.
Histogram: continuous x-axis, bars touch. Area ∝ frequency. Frequency polygon = joining midpoints. Frequency curve = smoothed polygon.
Histogram vs bar: touch vs gap; continuous vs categorical.
Ogive: cumulative frequency curve. Less-than rises; more-than falls. Intersect at median.
Pie chart: 360° total. Sector angle = (value/total) × 360°. Avoid >5-7 slices, time-series, 3-D.
Line chart: trend over time. Variants: simple, multiple, stacked area, smoothed/spline, step, slope.
Table-chart parts (8): number · title · head-note · stub (rows) · caption (columns) · body · source · footnote.
Distribution charts: histogram · frequency polygon · box plot (Tukey 1977) · violin · stem-and-leaf · dot.
Relationship charts: scatter · bubble · heatmap · hexbin.
Composition charts: pie · stacked bar · treemap (Shneiderman 1991) · sunburst · waterfall · mosaic.
Inequality: Lorenz curve (Lorenz 1905) · Gini coefficient (0–1).
Time-series: line · area · sparkline (Tufte) · candlestick · Z-chart.
Map types: Choropleth (colour by value), Dot density, Isopleth/Isarithmic (contours: isohyets/isobars/isotherms), Flow, Proportional symbol, Heat map, Cartogram (distorted area), Dasymetric, Pin map.
Indian GIS: Bhuvan (ISRO), NRSC, Survey of India. Web maps: Google Maps, OSM, Mapbox, Leaflet. Open GIS: QGIS.
Tufte (1983): data-ink ratio · avoid chartjunk · small multiples · lie factor.
Cleveland & McGill (1984) accuracy order: Position on common scale > non-aligned position > length > angle > area > volume > colour. Bars beat pies.
History: Playfair (line, bar, pie 1786/1801) · Snow (cholera dot map 1854) · Nightingale (coxcomb 1858) · Minard (Napoleon 1869) · Lorenz (1905) · Pearson (histogram, 1891) · Tukey (1977) · Bertin (1967) · Tufte (1983) · Shneiderman (treemap 1991) · Rosling (Gapminder).

Topic 31 — Data Interpretation

Topic 31 · Data Interpretation — Quick Recall

DI = extract meaning from tables/charts through reading + calculation + reasoning.
NTA pattern: one DI set (table/bar/pie/line/mixed/caselet) + 4-5 MCQs.
6-step approach: title & source → units & scale → rows/columns → scan questions → compute → sanity-check.
6 question types: Direct lookup · % / ratio · % change · Average · Comparison · Multi-step inference.
5 essential formulas:
- % of total = (part/total) × 100.
- % change = (new − old)/old × 100.
- Average = sum / count.
- CAGR = (final/initial)^(1/n) − 1.
- Successive % change: net = a + b + ab/100.
Pie chart: total 360°; sector angle = (value/total) × 360°.
Memorise fraction-% equivalents: 1/2 = 50% · 1/3 = 33⅓% · 1/4 = 25% · 1/5 = 20% · 1/8 = 12½% · 1/10 = 10% · 2/3 = 66⅔% · 3/4 = 75% · 1/6 = 16⅔% · 1/12 = 8⅓%.
Speed tricks: round early · use fractions for % · estimate first · approximate pie slices by eye · skip-and-return.
6 pitfalls: unit confusion · total vs sub-total · stacked vs grouped misread · wrong axis · growth amount vs rate · false linear interpolation.
Equal-distance avg speed = harmonic mean = 2ab/(a+b).
Indian data sources for DI: MoSPI · NSO · CSO · NSSO · RBI · RGI · NITI Aayog · AISHE · NCRB · NIRF.

Topic 32 — Data and Governance

Topic 32 · Data and Governance — Quick Recall

Data governance = decision rights + accountability for data assets. 6 pillars: Quality · Security · Privacy · Interoperability · Open access · Compliance.
India Stack 4 layers: Identity (Aadhaar/UIDAI 2010) · Payment (UPI/NPCI 2016) · Data (Account Aggregator, DigiLocker, DEPA) · e-Sign.
Aadhaar: 12-digit; UIDAI 2009; Aadhaar Act 2016; K.S. Puttaswamy v UoI (2017) — right to privacy as fundamental right (Article 21).
Indian digital governance flagship initiatives: DigiLocker · UMANG · CoWIN · ABDM/ABHA · MyGov · PRAGATI · API Setu · DBT · JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan + Aadhaar + Mobile) · GSTN · NAD · ABC · UDISE+ · DIKSHA · NDEAR · SWAYAM · Bhuvan · PM-WANI · BharatNet · Smart Cities Mission · Digital India Programme · IndiaAI Mission (2024).
Coordinating bodies: MeitY (apex) · NIC (since 1976) · NeGD (e-Gov) · UIDAI (Aadhaar) · NPCI (payments, 2008) · CERT-In (cybersecurity, 2004) · C-DAC · STQC · NHA (health data) · NITI Aayog.
IT Act 2000 (amended 2008): Sec 43A · Sec 66 · Sec 66F · Sec 67 · Sec 69 · Sec 70 · Sec 79 (intermediary safe harbour). IT Rules 2011 (SPDI) · IT Rules 2021 (intermediaries + digital media ethics).
DPDP Act 2023: India’s GDPR. Terms — Data Principal (subject) · Data Fiduciary (controller) · Data Processor · SDF. Rights: access, correction, erasure, grievance, nomination. Penalty up to ₹250 cr. Data Protection Board (DPB).
Other laws: Aadhaar Act 2016 · RTI Act 2005 · Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 · Telecom Act 2023.
Open data: OGD Platform data.gov.in (2012, MeitY/NIC) · NDSAP 2012. Open Data Charter (2015): 8 principles. FAIR (2016): Findable · Accessible · Interoperable · Reusable. Tim Berners-Lee 5-star scheme.
Cybersecurity: CERT-In (MeitY) · NCIIPC (NTRO, critical infra) · NCSC (PMO) · I4C (MHA, cyber crime) · NCRB · CCMP.
e-Governance models: G2C · G2B · G2E · G2G. 5 UN maturity stages: Emerging · Enhanced · Interactive · Transactional · Connected.
Frontier: AI in governance · predictive policing · algorithmic accountability · differential privacy · federated learning · IndiaAI Mission 2024 · AI4Bharat · Bhashini.

Module VIII — Information and Communication Technology

Topic 33 — ICT: General abbreviations and terminology

Topic 33 · ICT: General abbreviations and terminology — Quick Recall

ICT = Information and Communication Technology.
Hardware: CPU (ALU + CU + MU) · RAM (volatile) · ROM/SSD/HDD (non-volatile) · GPU · BIOS/UEFI · USB · HDMI · NIC · UPS · OCR · MICR · QR · RFID · IoT · NFC.
Storage: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 nibble = 4 bits. Bit → Nibble → Byte → KB → MB → GB → TB → PB → EB → ZB → YB.
Software: OS · GUI/CLI · IDE · API · SDK · DBMS/RDBMS · SQL/NoSQL · CRUD · SaaS/PaaS/IaaS/FaaS · FOSS · CMS · LMS · ERP · CRM.
Indian OS: BOSS (C-DAC, Linux-based).
Programming languages: Machine/Assembly → C/C++/Java/Python/JS/R/PHP/Go/Rust/Swift/Kotlin.
Networks by area: PAN (Bluetooth) · LAN · MAN · WAN · VPN · VLAN · WLAN. Topologies: Bus · Star · Ring · Mesh · Tree · Hybrid.
Network devices: Hub · Switch · Router (Layer 3, IP) · Modem · Bridge · Gateway · Repeater · AP · Firewall.
Protocols: TCP/IP · UDP · HTTP/HTTPS · FTP/SFTP · SMTP · POP3 · IMAP · DNS · DHCP · SSH · Telnet · SNMP · VoIP. MAC vs IP (hardware vs logical address). IPv4 32-bit, IPv6 128-bit.
OSI 7 layers: Physical → Data Link → Network → Transport → Session → Presentation → Application. (“All People Seem To Need Data Processing.”)
Web: WWW (Berners-Lee 1989, CERN) · URL · URI · HTML · CSS · JS · DOM · SSL/TLS · CDN · ISP. Bodies: W3C (1994) · IETF · ICANN · IANA.
Web 1.0 → 2.0 → 3.0 (static → social → semantic/decentralised).
TLDs: .com .org .net .edu .gov .mil + .in / .ac.in / .gov.in / .nic.in. New gTLDs: .app .ai .blog .dev.
Security: Antivirus · Firewall · IDS/IPS · 2FA/MFA · SSL/TLS · PKI · DSC · CAPTCHA · CIA Triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) · AAA · SOC · SIEM.
Cyber threats: Virus · Worm · Trojan · Ransomware · Spyware · Rootkit · Keylogger · DDoS · Phishing/Vishing/Smishing · Spoofing · MITM · Zero-day · SQLi · XSS · CSRF · Botnet · Cryptojacking.
Cloud: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS/FaaS/BaaS/DaaS · Public/Private/Hybrid. Major: AWS · Azure · GCP · Oracle · IBM. Indian: MeghRaj (NIC, 2014).
AI/ML: AI · ML · DL · NLP · CV · GenAI · LLM · RAG · AGI/ANI. ChatGPT · Claude · Gemini · Llama · Mistral. Indian: AI4Bharat · Bhashini · IndiaAI Mission 2024.
5 generations of computers: Vacuum tubes → Transistors → ICs → Microprocessors → AI/ULSI. ENIAC 1946.
Indian computing: TIFRAC 1955/1960 · PARAM 8000 (C-DAC 1991) · EKA 2007 · PARAM Siddhi-AI · NSM 2015 · NKN 10 Gbps.
Key persons: Babbage · Lovelace · Turing · von Neumann · Berners-Lee · Cerf & Kahn (TCP/IP 1974) · Linus Torvalds · Stallman · Gates · Jobs/Wozniak · Page & Brin.
Indian bodies: MeitY · NIC (1976) · NeGD · UIDAI · NPCI · CERT-In · C-DAC (1988) · STQC · NHA.

Topic 34 — Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing

Topic 34 · Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing — Quick Recall

Internet = global TCP/IP network of networks. Origin: ARPANET 1969 (US DoD).
Key milestones: ARPANET 1969 · Email “@” Tomlinson 1971 · TCP/IP Cerf & Kahn 1974 · 1983 TCP/IP standard · DNS 1984 · WWW Berners-Lee 1989 · NSFNET commercial 1991 · India VSNL 15 Aug 1995 · Hotmail 1996 · Google 1998 · iPhone 2007 · IndiaAI Mission 2024.
Indian Internet: ERNET 1986 · VSNL 1995 · IT Act 2000 · NIXI 2003 (.in TLD) · UPI 2016 · Digital India 2015 · 5G 2022-23 · DPDP Act 2023 · IndiaAI 2024.
Internet vs WWW: Internet = network (TCP/IP); WWW = application on top using HTTP/HTML.
Governance bodies: ICANN · IANA · IETF · W3C (1994) · ISOC · NIXI (India) · TRAI (1997).
Internet services: Email · Web · FTP · VoIP · IM · Streaming · Cloud · IoT.
Intranet vs Extranet vs Internet: Internal vs Internal+Partners vs Global.
Email: Ray Tomlinson 1971 (“@”); SMTP (send, port 25/587), POP3 (receive+delete, port 110), IMAP (receive+sync, port 143), MIME (attachments). Headers: From/To/Cc/Bcc/Subject/Date/Message-ID. Hotmail (Sabeer Bhatia 1996) → Microsoft 1997. Indian: Sandes, Zoho, Rediffmail, NIC email.
Email best practices: clear subject · concise body · proper greeting · thoughtful Cc/Bcc · no all-caps · proofread · 24-48 hr reply · beware phishing.
Conferencing: Audio vs Video vs Web · Webinar (one-to-many). Tools: Zoom (Eric Yuan 2011) · MS Teams · Google Meet · Cisco Webex · GoTo · BlueJeans · Skype (Microsoft 2011) · Jitsi Meet (open-source) · BigBlueButton (education). Indian: Sandes · Jio Meet · Airmeet · Hubilo.
Conferencing tech: VoIP · WebRTC (browser-native) · H.323 · SIP · codecs (H.264, H.265, VP9, AV1, Opus, AAC) · TLS encryption.
Pedagogical use: NEP 2020 40% UG online · NMEICT · SWAYAM · PM e-Vidya · NDEAR.
IM: WhatsApp · Signal · Telegram · Slack · Discord · Mattermost · Sandes (Indian government).
Collaboration: Google Workspace · Microsoft 365 · Notion · Trello/Asana/Monday · Miro · GitHub · Figma.

Topic 35 — Digital initiatives in higher education

Topic 35 · Digital initiatives in higher education — Quick Recall

NMEICT (2009) — umbrella mission for ICT in HE.
SWAYAM (2017): Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds. 4 quadrants: Video · Reading · Self-assessment · Discussion forum. UGC 40% credit transfer (2021).
SWAYAM 9 National Coordinators: UGC (non-tech PG) · CEC (UG) · AICTE (tech/self-paced) · NPTEL (engineering) · NCERT (school 9–12) · NIOS (open schooling) · IGNOU (out-of-school adults) · IIMB (management) · NITTTR (teacher training).
SWAYAM Prabha (2017): 32+ DTH channels, GSAT-15, 24×7, INFLIBNET coordinator.
NPTEL (2003): IITs + IISc; engineering MOOCs.
INFLIBNET (Gandhinagar, 1991) stack: Shodhganga (theses 2011) · Shodhgangotri (synopses) · e-ShodhSindhu (e-journals, 2015) · e-PG Pathshala (PG content 2014) · VIDWAN (experts 2014) · N-LIST (colleges) · SWAYAM Prabha.
MoE / NEP-era initiatives: NDLI (IIT Kharagpur 2016) · e-Adhyayan · e-Yantra (IIT Bombay 2010) · Spoken Tutorial (IIT Bombay 2009) · Virtual Labs (IIT Delhi lead 2009) · FOSSEE (IIT Bombay 2009) · DIKSHA (NCERT 2017) · NEAT (AICTE 2019) · NDEAR (MoE 2021) · NETF · PARAKH (NCERT 2023) · ABC (UGC 2021) · NAD (2017) · PM e-Vidya (2020) · PRAGYATA · NIRF (2015) · AISHE (2010) · NISHTHA (NCERT 2019) · Manodarpan (2020) · Bhasha Sangam (2017) · AI4Bharat (IIT Madras) · Bhashini (MeitY 2022).
ABC (2021): stores credits; enables NEP MEME (1y Certificate, 2y Diploma, 3y Bachelor, 4y Bachelor Honours/Research). Linked via DigiLocker.
NAD (2017): digital depository of academic awards.
NEP 2020 provisions: 4-year ITEP by 2030 · NPST · 50 hr CPD/year · HECI (4 verticals: NHERC, NAC, HEGC, GEC) · GER 50% by 2035 · NETF · PARAKH · multilingual · ODL equivalent · MEME · ABC.
Infrastructure: NKN (NIC, 10 Gbps); NSM (C-DAC); PARAM 8000 (C-DAC 1991); PARAM Siddhi-AI / Ananta; IndiaAI Mission 2024.
Apex bodies: MoE (formerly MHRD) · UGC · AICTE · NCTE · NAAC · NBA · INFLIBNET · NCERT · NIOS · IGNOU · NeGD · NIC · C-DAC · STQC · MeitY · NHA · ANRF (2023, replaces SERB).
Indian IIT-led initiatives: IIT Bombay (e-Yantra, Spoken Tutorial, FOSSEE); IIT Delhi (Virtual Labs); IIT Kharagpur (NDLI); IIT Madras (AI4Bharat).
Indigenous AI: AI4Bharat, Bhashini, IndiaAI Mission 2024.

Topic 36 — ICT and Governance

Topic 36 · ICT and Governance — Quick Recall

E-Governance = ICT to deliver government services + engage citizens.
4 models / pillars: G2C · G2B · G2E · G2G.
UN 5 maturity stages: Emerging → Enhanced → Interactive → Transactional → Connected/Integrated.
Indian journey: DoE 1970s · NIC 1976 · NICNET 1980s · ERNET 1986 · VSNL 1995 · IT Act 2000 · NeGP 2006 (31 MMPs) · UIDAI 2009 · MyGov 2014 · Digital India 2015 (9 pillars) · UPI 2016 · UMANG/CoWIN/DigiLocker mature · ABDM/ABC/NDEAR 2021 · DPDP Act 2023 · IndiaAI Mission 2024.
NeGP 31 MMPs: Central (Income Tax/Passport/MCA21/UIDAI/Excise) + State (Land Records/Transport/Police/Agriculture/Treasuries/e-District) + Integrated (CSC/e-Biz/e-Procurement/e-Courts/Service Delivery Gateway).
Digital India 9 pillars: Broadband Highways · Mobile Connectivity · Public Internet Access · e-Governance · e-Kranti · Information for All · Electronics Manufacturing · IT for Jobs · Early Harvest.
India Stack 4 layers: Identity (Aadhaar) · Payment (UPI) · Data (AA, DigiLocker, DEPA) · e-Sign.
Flagship platforms (parent body): Aadhaar (UIDAI) · UPI (NPCI) · DigiLocker/UMANG (MeitY/NeGD) · MyGov (NIC) · eSanjeevani/CoWIN/ABHA (MoHFW/NHA) · PRAGATI (NIC) · PFMS (CGA/MoF) · GeM (DPIIT) · MCA21 (MCA) · e-Courts (DoJ) · e-Office (NeGD) · CSC (CSC-eGov) · Bharat Net (DoT) · PM-WANI (DoT) · PMJDY (DFS) · DBT (MoF) · GSTN (MoF) · ABC/NAD (UGC/NSDL) · e-Shram (MoLE) · GeM · Vahan/Sarathi (MoRTH) · e-Sign (C-DAC).
Bodies: MeitY · NIC (1976) · NeGD · UIDAI · NPCI (2008) · CERT-In · C-DAC · STQC · CSC-eGov · NHA · NITI Aayog · ISRO/NRSC · TRAI 1997 · NIXI 2003.
Architects: Nandan Nilekani (UIDAI 2009-14, India Stack) · Sam Pitroda (telecom 1980s).
Laws: IT Act 2000 (amended 2008) · IT Rules 2011/2021 · Aadhaar Act 2016 · Puttaswamy 2017 · DPDP Act 2023 · RTI 2005 · Telecom Act 2023 · BNS 2023.
Outcomes: Transparency · Accountability · Efficiency · Inclusion · Financial inclusion (PMJDY 450 million+) · DBT savings · Speed (UPI billions of transactions/month).
Challenges: Digital divide · Privacy/security · Cybercrime · Bureaucratic resistance · Legacy integration · Last-mile delivery · Accessibility · Multilingual support · Algorithmic fairness.
Frontier: AI in governance · Blockchain (Telangana land records) · Open APIs (API Setu) · Account Aggregator · 5G+IoT · DPI as global export · Bhashini · IndiaAI Mission 2024.

Module IX — People, Development and Environment

Topic 37 — Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals

Topic 37 · Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals — Quick Recall

Sustainable Development (Brundtland 1987): “needs of present without compromising future”.
3 pillars / Triple Bottom Line (Elkington 1994): People, Planet, Profit (Social, Environment, Economic).
UN Summits Timeline: Stockholm 1972 (UNEP) · World Conservation Strategy 1980 · Brundtland 1987 · Rio 1992 (Agenda 21, UNFCCC, CBD) · Kyoto 1997 · UN Millennium Summit 2000 (8 MDGs) · Johannesburg 2002 · Rio+20 2012 · Paris 2015 (SDGs + 1.5°C) · Glasgow 2021 (COP26) · Sharm el-Sheikh 2022 (COP27) · Dubai 2023 (COP28).
MDGs 2000–2015: 8 goals — Poverty/Hunger · Primary Edu · Gender · Child Mortality · Maternal Health · HIV/AIDS · Environmental Sustainability · Global Partnership.
SDGs 2015–2030: 17 goals + 169 targets. UN 2030 Agenda.
- 1 No Poverty · 2 Zero Hunger · 3 Good Health & Well-being · 4 Quality Education · 5 Gender Equality.
- 6 Clean Water & Sanitation · 7 Affordable & Clean Energy.
- 8 Decent Work · 9 Industry/Innovation/Infra · 10 Reduced Inequalities.
- 11 Sustainable Cities · 12 Responsible Consumption.
- 13 Climate Action · 14 Life Below Water · 15 Life on Land.
- 16 Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions · 17 Partnerships.
MDG vs SDG: 8 vs 17 · 2000-15 vs 2015-30 · Developing focus vs Universal · ~60 vs 231+ indicators · Climate as sub-target vs standalone SDG 13 · Inequality implicit vs standalone SDG 10.
SDG India Index (NITI Aayog, since 2018): Aspirant 0-49 · Performer 50-64 · Front Runner 65-99 · Achiever 100. Front Runners typically: Kerala, TN, HP, Goa, Karnataka, AP.
Concepts: Carrying capacity · Ecological Footprint (Wackernagel & Rees 1990s) · Planetary Boundaries (Rockström 2009, 9 boundaries) · Doughnut Economics (Raworth 2017) · Circular Economy · Green & Blue economy · HDI (Mahbub ul Haq & Amartya Sen, UNDP 1990) = Life expectancy + Education + GNI per capita.
GDP alternatives: HDI · GPI · Inclusive Wealth Index · Bhutan’s GNH · OECD Better Life Index · India’s proposed GEP.
India climate commitments: NAPCC 2008 (8 missions) · NDC 2022 update (45% intensity cut, 50% non-fossil electricity by 2030) · Net Zero 2070 (COP26 Glasgow) · Panchamrit pledge · ISA 2015 (India + France, Gurugram) · CDRI 2019 (Delhi) · LiFE Movement 2021 (COP26) · OSOWOG.
UNEP HQ: Nairobi.

Topic 38 — Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment

Topic 38 · Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment — Quick Recall

Ecology — Ernst Haeckel 1866. Ecosystem — Arthur Tansley 1935. 10% rule — Lindeman 1942.
Biotic (living) vs Abiotic (non-living). Habitat vs Niche. Producer-Consumer-Decomposer.
Food chain linear; food web branching. Biomagnification (across chain) vs bioaccumulation (within organism).
3 ecological pyramids: numbers, biomass, energy (energy always upright).
Anthropocene — Paul Crutzen + Stoermer, 2000. Rejected as formal geological epoch (2024) but used conceptually.
IPAT (Ehrlich-Holdren 1971): Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology.
Kaya identity: CO₂ = Pop × GDP/cap × Energy/GDP × CO₂/Energy.
11 major anthropogenic activities: Deforestation · Industrialisation · Urbanisation · Agriculture · Fossil-fuel burning · Mining · Overfishing · Damming · Plastics · Invasives · Light/Noise/Thermal pollution.
Population: Malthus 1798 · Demographic transition · India most populous (2023, ~1.42 bn) · India family planning 1952 (first).
Indian environmental movements:
- Bishnoi (1730): Khejarli, Rajasthan; Amrita Devi; 363 lives.
- Chipko (1973): Uttarakhand; Bahuguna, Bhatt, Gaura Devi.
- Silent Valley (1973-85): Kerala; KSSP.
- Jungle Bachao (1980s): Singhbhum.
- Appiko (1983): Karnataka; Pandurang Hegde.
- Narmada Bachao (1985): Medha Patkar + Baba Amte + Arundhati Roy.
- Tehri Dam: Bahuguna.
- Navdanya (1991): Vandana Shiva.
- POSCO, Niyamgiri, Aarey.
Indian thinkers: Bahuguna · Bhatt · Patkar · Baba Amte · Vandana Shiva · Anil Agarwal (CSE) · Sunita Narain · M.S. Swaminathan · Salim Ali · Madhav Gadgil.
Global books/thinkers: Carson 1962 Silent Spring (DDT) · Ehrlich 1968 Population Bomb · Hardin 1968 Tragedy of the Commons · Meadows 1972 Limits to Growth · Leopold 1949 Land Ethic · Lovelock 1972 Gaia Hypothesis · Schumacher 1973 Small is Beautiful · Ostrom 1990 commons (Nobel 2009) · Crutzen 2000 Anthropocene · Wangari Maathai Green Belt (Nobel Peace 2004) · Greta Thunberg.
MEA 2005 — 4 ecosystem services: Provisioning · Regulating · Cultural · Supporting.
Biogeochemical cycles: C · N (Haber-Bosch 1908) · P (no atmospheric phase) · Water · O · S.
Conservation: In-situ (national parks 106+, sanctuaries 565+, biosphere reserves 18, tiger reserves 55+, Ramsar 89+) vs Ex-situ (botanical gardens, zoos, NBPGR seed bank, cryopreservation).
Indian conservation programmes: Project Tiger 1973 (Indira Gandhi) · Project Crocodile 1975 · Project Elephant 1992 · Vulture conservation 2006 (Diclofenac ban) · Project Dolphin 2020 · Snow Leopard 2009 · Cheetah reintroduction Kuno NP MP 2022 · CAMPA 2016.

Topic 39 — Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions

Topic 39 · Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions — Quick Recall

3 levels: Local · Regional · Global.
Air pollutants: PM10/PM2.5 · CO · CO₂ · SO₂ · NOₓ · O₃ · VOCs · CFCs · Pb · NH₃.
Primary vs Secondary: primary emitted directly (CO, SO₂, NOₓ); secondary formed in atmosphere (O₃, PAN, acid rain, smog, secondary PM).
AQI India (CPCB 2014): Good 0-50 · Satisfactory 51-100 · Moderate 101-200 · Poor 201-300 · Very Poor 301-400 · Severe 401-500. 8 pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb.
Bharat Stage: BS-I 2000 → BS-VI 1 April 2020 (skipped BS-V).
NCAP 2019: 40 % PM cut by 2026 in 131 non-attainment cities. Ujjwala 2016: indoor air, LPG.
Water indicators: BOD · COD · DO · pH · TDS · Coliform · Turbidity (NTU).
Eutrophication: N/P runoff → algal bloom → DO crash → dead zone.
Famous pollution events: Minamata Hg (1956 Japan) · Itai-itai Cd · Love Canal NY · Bhopal MIC 2-3 Dec 1984.
Indian water: Namami Gange (2014, NMCG) · Yamuna · Atal Bhujal 2019 · Jal Jeevan Mission 2019 · Swachh Bharat 2014.
Soil pollution: pesticides, metals, plastics, e-waste. Soil Health Card 2015. Degradation: Erosion · Salinisation · Waterlogging · Desertification.
Noise (Rules 2000): Industrial 75/70 · Commercial 65/55 · Residential 55/45 · Silence zones 50/40 dB(day/night).
Waste streams (5): MSW · Biomedical · Hazardous · E-waste · Plastic. All under Rules 2016, revised.
Biomedical colour codes: Yellow (anatomical/soiled) · Red (contaminated recyclable) · White (sharps) · Blue (glass/metal).
5R hierarchy: Refuse · Reduce · Reuse · Repurpose · Recycle.
Climate change: CO₂ ~420 ppm (vs 280 pre-industrial); already +1.1-1.2°C. Paris 2015: 1.5°C.
GHG GWP (100-yr): CO₂ 1 · CH₄ ~28 · N₂O ~298 · HFCs 1k-15k · SF₆ ~23,500.
IPCC 1988 (WMO + UNEP); Nobel Peace 2007. AR6 2021-23.
Impacts: sea-level rise, glacier melt, ocean acidification (pH 8.2→8.1), extreme weather, biodiversity loss, agricultural shifts, climate refugees.
Mitigation vs Adaptation.
Political concepts: CBDR (Rio 1992) · Polluter Pays · Precautionary Principle · Just Transition · Climate Justice · Loss & Damage Fund (COP27 2022).
Indian climate: NAPCC 2008 (8 missions) · SAPCC · NAFCC 2015 · Net Zero 2070 Glasgow · Panchamrit · LiFE 2021.
Indian laws: Water Act 1974 (CPCB) · Air Act 1981 · EP Act 1986 (umbrella, post-Bhopal) · NGT Act 2010 · EIA Notification 1994/2006 · CRZ.
International conventions: Montreal 1987 (CFCs) · Basel 1989 (hazardous waste) · Rotterdam 1998 (chemical trade) · Stockholm 2001 (POPs) · Minamata 2013 (Hg).

Topic 40 — Impacts of pollutants on human health

Topic 40 · Impacts of pollutants on human health — Quick Recall

Exposure routes: Inhalation · Ingestion · Dermal.
Vulnerable groups: children · pregnant women · elderly · outdoor workers · low-income/slum · pre-existing-disease patients · indigenous communities.
Air pollutants and effects: PM2.5 (alveoli, IHD, stroke, lung cancer) · PM10 · CO (binds Hb → hypoxia) · SO₂ · NO₂ · O₃ · VOCs · Benzene (leukemia) · Formaldehyde · Pb (neurotoxin, IQ loss) · Asbestos (mesothelioma) · Radon (lung cancer).
WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2021: PM2.5 annual 5 µg/m³ · PM10 annual 15 · NO₂ annual 10. India typically 10-20× WHO.
Air pollution deaths: ~7 M/yr globally; ~1.6-1.7 M/yr in India (Lancet 2020).
Water pollutants and diseases:
- Mercury → Minamata (Japan 1956).
- Cadmium → Itai-itai.
- Arsenic → Black-foot, skin cancer (Bengal/Bangladesh groundwater).
- Fluoride → Fluorosis (Andhra, Rajasthan, Gujarat).
- Nitrate → Blue-baby syndrome (methaemoglobinaemia).
- Lead → neuro damage.
- Pathogens → Cholera, Typhoid, Hep A/E, Dysentery, Diarrhoea, Polio.
- POPs (DDT, dioxins, PCBs) → endocrine disruption, cancer.
- Aflatoxin → liver cancer.
Famous Indian cases: Bhopal MIC 1984 · Endosulfan Kasaragod Kerala (banned 2011) · Hexavalent chromium Ranipet TN · Arsenicosis West Bengal · Fluorosis belt.
Noise: > 85 dB sustained → hearing loss; > 120 dB immediate damage. Cardiovascular stress, sleep loss, cognitive impairment.
Radiation: ionising (X, gamma, alpha, beta, high-energy UV) damages DNA → cancer; Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011.
Plastics: microplastics in placenta/blood/breastmilk; phthalates/BPA endocrine disruption; India SUP ban 1 July 2022.
India’s triple burden: Infectious + NCD + Injuries.
Climate health: heatwaves, vector range expansion (dengue/malaria), water-borne post-flood, food insecurity, mental health. Lancet Countdown.
Indian responses: PMJAY/Ayushman Bharat 2018 · NHM 2013 · ABDM 2021 · eSanjeevani · NPCCHH 2019 · NDMA heatwave plan · NCAP 2019 · Jal Jeevan 2019 · Swachh Bharat 2014 · Ujjwala 2016 · POSHAN 2018 · COTPA 2003 · UIP 1985 · Mission Indradhanush 2014.
Institutions: MoHFW · ICMR · NCDC · AIIMS · BMHRC Bhopal.
International conventions: Minamata 2013 (Hg) · Stockholm 2001 (POPs) · Rotterdam 1998 (chemical trade) · Basel 1989 (hazardous waste) · Montreal 1987 (CFCs).

Topic 41 — Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests

Topic 41 · Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests — Quick Recall

Resource categories: Renewable (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, tidal) vs Non-renewable (coal, oil, gas, uranium, minerals). Inexhaustible vs Exhaustible-renewable.
India installed capacity (~440 GW): Coal ~50% · Renewables ~43-45% (Solar ~85 GW, Wind ~45 GW, Hydro ~47 GW, Nuclear ~7-8 GW).
Target: 500 GW non-fossil by 2030; Net Zero 2070 (Panchamrit COP26).
Solar: JNNSM 2010, SECI 2011, PM-KUSUM 2019 (farmer pumps), PM Surya Ghar 2024 (rooftop), ISA 2015 (India+France, Gurugram), OSOWOG; Bhadla (Rajasthan ~2.2 GW), Pavagada (Karnataka), Kurnool (AP).
Wind: India 4th largest. Wind belts: TN, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, AP. Muppandal (TN) large onshore farm. Offshore target 30 GW by 2030.
Hydro: Large > 25 MW (~47 GW, RE since 2019). Tehri (Uttarakhand, world’s 8th tallest), Bhakra-Nangal, Sardar Sarovar, Hirakud, Nagarjuna Sagar, Nathpa Jhakri, Subansiri.
Geothermal: 340+ springs in 7 provinces; Puga Valley (Ladakh), Chumathang, Manikaran HP, Tatapani Chhattisgarh, Tapoban Uttarakhand.
Biomass: Bioethanol (cane), Biodiesel (jatropha), Biogas; E20 by 2025-26; GOBARdhan 2018; National Biofuel Policy 2018; SATAT 2018 CBG.
Nuclear (~7-8 GW): Homi Bhabha’s 3-stage programme — PHWR (Stage 1) → FBR + plutonium + thorium (Stage 2) → U-233/Thorium (Stage 3). Reactors: Tarapur, Kakrapar, Rawatbhata, Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kudankulam. Bodies: AEC 1948 · DAE · NPCIL · BARC · IGCAR · AERB. Not NPT signatory; NSG waiver 2008.
Nuclear accidents: Three Mile Island 1979 · Chernobyl 26 April 1986 · Fukushima 11 March 2011.
Indian soils (8): Alluvial (Indo-Gangetic, most fertile) · Black/Regur (Deccan, cotton) · Red & Yellow (peninsula) · Laterite (Western/Eastern Ghats, tea/cashew) · Mountain/Forest (Himalayas) · Arid/Desert (Rajasthan) · Saline/Alkaline (Punjab/Haryana/UP) · Peaty/Marshy (Kerala/Bengal). Soil Health Card 2015.
Forest cover (ISFR 2021, FSI Dehradun, biennial): 21.71% forest; ~24.6% forest+tree. NFP 1988 target: 33%. Densest %: Mizoram (~85%), Arunachal, Meghalaya. Largest area: Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal, Chhattisgarh.
Forest types (Champion & Seth 1968): 16 groups — Tropical wet/semi/moist deciduous/dry deciduous/thorn · Subtropical broadleaved/pine · Temperate/Alpine · Littoral & Swamp/Mangrove (Sundarbans, world’s largest).
Forest laws: Indian Forest Act 1927 · Forest Conservation Act 1980 (revised 2023) · NFP 1988 · Wildlife Act 1972 · Biological Diversity Act 2002 · CAMPA 2016 · FRA 2006 · Project Tiger 1973, Elephant 1992 · Green India Mission.
Other renewables: Tidal (Gulf of Kutch/Khambhat potential), Wave, OTEC, Green Hydrogen, Battery/Pumped Storage.
Bodies: MNRE · MoP · MoEFCC · SECI · NTPC/NHPC/PowerGrid · NIWE · NISE · NIOT · BEE · CEA · CERC · ICAR · FSI.

Topic 42 — Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies

Topic 42 · Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies — Quick Recall

Hazard = threat. Disaster = consequence with population loss.
Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Exposure ÷ Capacity.
5 hazard types (UNDRR): Geological · Hydrological · Meteorological · Climatological · Biological. (+ Technological.)
Earthquake vocab: Focus/Hypocentre · Epicentre · P/S/Surface waves · Magnitude (Richter, Mw — energy) vs Intensity (Mercalli I-XII — damage).
India seismic zones: II (low) · III (moderate) · IV (high) · V (very high — NE, A&N, Bhuj, parts of Uttarakhand, HP, J&K).
Major Indian quakes: Bihar-Nepal 1934 (8.0) · Assam 1950 (8.6) · Uttarkashi 1991 · Latur 1993 (intra-plate) · Chamoli 1999 · Bhuj 26 Jan 2001 (Mw 7.7, 20k deaths) · Indian Ocean Tsunami 26 Dec 2004 (Sumatra Mw 9.1, 230k deaths) · Kashmir 2005 (80k) · Sikkim 2011 · Nepal-Gorkha 2015.
Volcano: Barren Island (Andaman) is India’s only active. Pacific Ring of Fire holds 75% globally.
Tsunami: Indian Ocean 2004 led to INCOIS Tsunami EWS, Hyderabad 2007.
Floods: Riverine · Flash · Urban · GLOF · Coastal. Cases: Kedarnath 2013 · Kerala 2018 (worst in century, ~480 deaths) · Mumbai 2005 · Chennai 2015 · Bengaluru 2022 · Sikkim GLOF 2023.
Cyclones (named by WMO/ESCAP Panel): Bay of Bengal more active than Arabian Sea. Saffir-Simpson 1-5 (Atlantic); IMD scale (North Indian Ocean). Cases: Odisha 1999 · Phailin 2013 · Hudhud 2014 · Vardah 2016 · Fani 2019 · Amphan 2020 · Tauktae 2021 · Yaas 2021 · Biparjoy 2023 · Remal 2024.
Drought types: Meteorological (rainfall) · Hydrological (water) · Agricultural (soil moisture) · Socio-economic. Prone: Bundelkhand, Vidarbha, Marathwada, Telangana, Rayalaseema, Saurashtra, Kutch.
Landslides: Western Ghats, Himalayas. Malin 2014, Wayanad 2024, Joshimath subsidence 2023.
Heatwaves: ≥ 40°C plains (IMD). 2010 Ahmedabad → first South Asian HAP. 2015 Andhra/Telangana 2,500+ deaths.
Indian DM framework: DM Act 2005 · NDMA 2005 (PM chairs, Delhi) · NDRF 2006 (16 battalions, HQ Ghaziabad) · NIDM · SDMA/DDMA · IMD (1875) · INCOIS (1999) · CWC (1945) · GSI (1851) · NRSC/ISRO Bhuvan · CDRI 2019 (Delhi) · Aapda Mitra · Sachet app.
DM cycle: Mitigation → Preparedness → Response → Recovery.
Mitigation: Structural (codes IS 1893, IS 4326; cyclone shelters; seawalls) + Non-structural (zoning, EWS, insurance, education).
International: Yokohama 1994 → HFA 2005-2015 → Sendai 2015-2030 (4 priorities + 7 targets) → UNDRR (formerly UNISDR).

Topic 43 — Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts - Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Topic 43 · Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts - Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance — Quick Recall

Constitutional provisions: Article 48A (DPSP, 42nd Amendment 1976) · Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty) · Article 21 (clean environment via PIL) · Article 253 (basis for EP Act 1986).
Landmark PILs: M.C. Mehta (Ganga, Taj, vehicular); Vellore Citizens 1996 (Polluter Pays + Precautionary); Subhash Kumar 1991 (water as part of life); Godavarman 1996.
Indian Acts chronology: Indian Forest 1927 · Wildlife 1972 · Water Act 1974 (CPCB) · 42nd Amendment 1976 · Forest Conservation 1980 (rev 2023) · Air Act 1981 · EP Act 1986 · NFP 1988 · CRZ 1991 · EIA 1994/2006 · Noise Rules 2000 · Biological Diversity Act 2002 · FRA 2006 · NAPCC 2008 · NGT Act 2010 · 2016 Rules (Waste/Plastic/Biomedical/Hazardous/E-Waste) · CAMPA 2016 · NCAP 2019 · SUP ban 2022 · DPDP Act 2023.
EP Act 1986 — post-Bhopal · umbrella · under Article 253 (Stockholm 1972) · Central Govt powers · 5 yr / ₹1 lakh penalty · EIA/CRZ/Waste Rules flow from it.
NAPCC 2008 — 8 Missions: Solar · Energy Efficiency (PAT) · Sustainable Habitat · Water · Himalayan · Green India (10 M ha) · Sustainable Agriculture · Strategic Knowledge.
NAPCC family: SAPCC · NAFCC 2015 · NDC 2015/2022 · LiFE 2021 · Net Zero 2070 · Panchamrit.
International agreements chronology: Ramsar 1971 (wetlands) · Stockholm 1972 (UNEP) · CITES 1973 (trade) · Bonn/CMS 1979 (migratory) · Vienna 1985 (ozone) · Montreal 1987 (ODS) · Basel 1989 (waste) · Rio 1992 (Agenda 21, UNFCCC, CBD, Forest Principles) · Kyoto 1997 (GHG) · Rotterdam 1998 (chemicals) · Cartagena 2000 (LMOs) · Stockholm 2001 (POPs) · Nagoya 2010 (ABS) · Minamata 2013 (Hg) · Paris 2015 · ISA 2015 · SDGs 2015 · Kigali 2016 (HFCs) · CDRI 2019 · Glasgow 2021 · COP27 2022 (Loss & Damage) · Kunming-Montreal 2022 (30×30) · COP28 2023.
Stockholm 1972 — first UN env summit · UNEP · “Only One Earth” · World Environment Day 5 June · “Poverty is the worst polluter” (Indira Gandhi).
Montreal 1987 — phases out CFCs/HCFCs. Universal ratification. Kigali 2016 adds HFCs (India 2021).
Rio 1992 outputs (5): Rio Declaration (27 principles incl. CBDR/Polluter Pays/Precautionary) · Agenda 21 · UNFCCC · CBD · Forest Principles.
CBD 3 objectives: Conservation · Sustainable use · Fair benefit-sharing. Family: Cartagena 2000 · Nagoya 2010 · Aichi 2010-20 · Kunming-Montreal 30×30 2022.
Kyoto 1997 (in force 2005): Annex I cuts. 3 mechanisms: CDM · JI · Emissions Trading. USA never ratified.
Paris 2015 (in force 2016): universal · 1.5-2°C · NDCs · Global Stocktake (5-yr) · $100 bn finance · Article 6.
ISA 2015 — India + France · HQ Gurugram · in force 2017 · solar in tropics · USD 1 trn investment · DG Ajay Mathur · OSOWOG.
CDRI 2019 — India-led · HQ New Delhi.
Other: Bonn Challenge (350 M ha by 2030, India 26 M ha pledge) · UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 · Glasgow Forests Declaration 2021 · Global Methane Pledge 2021 · Global Biofuel Alliance (G20 Delhi 2023) · Mission LiFE 2021.

Module X — Higher Education System

Topic 44 — Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India

Topic 44 · Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India — Quick Recall

Aims of Vedic education: vidya · dharma · moksha.
Vocabulary: Guru/Acharya · Shishya · Brahmacharya · Gurukula · Ashrama · Upanayana (initiation) · Samavartana (graduation) · Gurudakshina · Shruti vs Smriti.
4 Vedas: Rig · Sama · Yajur · Atharva. 4 Upavedas: Ayur · Dhanur · Gandharva · Sthapatya.
6 Vedangas: Shiksha · Kalpa · Vyakarana · Nirukta · Chhandas · Jyotisha.
3 stages of learning: Adhyayana → Manana → Nididhyasana.
Takshashila (Pakistan, Rawalpindi): 6th c. BCE-5th c. CE; capital of Gandhara; Panini · Chanakya · Charaka · Jivaka; destroyed by Huns (Mihirakula); excavated by John Marshall.
Nalanda (Bihar): founded ~427 CE by Kumaragupta I; patronised by Guptas/Harshavardhana/Palas; 10k students; library “Dharmaganja” (Ratnasagara/Ratnadadhi/Ratnaranjaka); famous scholars: Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Vasubandhu, Asanga, Dignaga, Dharmakirti, Shilabhadra, Padmasambhava; visited by Xuanzang (629-645) under Shilabhadra, Yijing (671-695, 10 years); destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji 1193; excavated by Alexander Cunningham; UNESCO 2016. Modern Nalanda University Act 2010, opened 2014, new campus 2024.
Vikramshila (Bhagalpur, Bihar): Dharmapala (Pala) ~8th c.; Vajrayana focus; Atisha Dipankara → Tibet 1042; destroyed by Khilji ~1203.
Vallabhi (Saurashtra, Gujarat): 6th-12th c.; Maitraka; Hinayana focus; rivalled Nalanda; Sthiramati, Gunamati.
Pushpagiri (Odisha): Jajpur; 3rd-11th c.; “Diamond Triangle” (Lalitgiri/Ratnagiri/Udayagiri).
Odantapuri (Bihar Sharif): Gopala (Pala) ~8th c.; 12k students; destroyed by Khilji.
Somapura (Paharpur, Bangladesh): Dharmapala; one of largest South Asian monasteries; UNESCO 1985.
Jagaddala (Bangladesh): Ramapala (Pala, 12th c.); late Mahavihara.
Other centres: Kanchipuram (TN) · Sharada Peeth (Kashmir) · Mithila (Navya-Nyaya, Gangesha 12-13th c.) · Ujjain (Varahamihira) · Nadia/Navadvip (Chaitanya) · Kashi/Varanasi · Amaravati · Saraswati Mahal Library Thanjavur.
Chinese pilgrims:
- Faxian (Fa-Hien) 399-414 CE under Chandragupta II; Records of Buddhist Kingdoms.
- Xuanzang (Hsuan Tsang) 629-645 CE; studied under Shilabhadra; “Prince of Pilgrims”.
- Yijing (I-Tsing) 671-695 CE; 10 years at Nalanda.
Indian scholars/teachers: Panini (grammar) · Chanakya (Arthashastra) · Charaka (medicine) · Sushruta (Father of Surgery) · Jivaka (physician) · Aryabhata · Brahmagupta · Varahamihira · Bhaskara · Nagarjuna · Vasubandhu · Asanga · Dignaga · Dharmakirti · Padmasambhava · Atisha.
Destroyers / decline: Hun invasions (Mihirakula) on Takshashila; Bakhtiyar Khilji 1193 (Nalanda) & 1203 (Vikramshila/Odantapuri); loss of Pala patronage; decline of Buddhism in India.
Excavators: John Marshall (Takshashila) · Alexander Cunningham (Nalanda).
Modern revival: Nalanda University Act 2010; opened 2014; new campus inaugurated 2024.

Topic 45 — Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India

Topic 45 · Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India — Quick Recall

At 1947: 20 universities + 500 colleges. Today: 1,200+ universities + 45k colleges + ~4.3 cr students = 3rd largest globally.
Commissions: Radhakrishnan 1948-49 (UGC, 5 Sep Teachers’ Day) · Mudaliar 1952-53 (secondary) · Kothari 1964-66 (10+2+3, 6% GDP) · NPE 1968 · NPE 1986 (Rajiv Gandhi) · Ramamurti review 1990 · POA 1992 (Janardhana Reddy) · Yashpal 2009 · NEP 2020 (Kasturirangan).
NEP 2020 (29 July 2020):
- 5+3+3+4 school structure.
- 3-language formula.
- CUET for HE (2022).
- 4-year UG (FYUP) with research.
- MEME: 1y Cert · 2y Dip · 3y Bach · 4y Bach Honours/Research.
- ABC under DigiLocker.
- HECI 4 verticals: NHERC · NAC · HEGC · GEC.
- GER 50% by 2035.
- 4-year ITEP by 2030 + NPST + 50 hr CPD/yr.
- NRF → ANRF apex research funding.
- PARAKH (NCERT 2023).
- NETF ed-tech forum.
- Online up to 40%; MERUs.
Apex bodies: UGC 1953 (statutory 1956) · AICTE 1945 (statutory 1987) · NCTE 1993 · NMC 2020 (replaced MCI) · BCI 1961 · CoA 1972 · DCI 1948 · PCI 1948 · INC 1947 · VCI 1984 · RCI 1992 · NAAC 1994 · NBA 1994 · NIRF 2015 · AISHE 2010 · NCERT 1961 · NIEPA 1962 · NTA 2017 · PARAKH 2023 · HECI (proposed).
University types: Central (Act of Parliament) · State · Deemed · Institute of National Importance (167+) · Private · Open · Institutions of Eminence (10+10, 2018).
Premier engineering: IIT Kharagpur 1951 (1st); 23 IITs · 31 NITs · 26 IIITs · IISc Bangalore 1909 (J.N. Tata + Vivekananda) · 7 IISERs.
Premier management: IIM Calcutta 1961 (1st with MIT Sloan); 21 IIMs · ISB · XLRI · MDI · FMS.
Premier medical: AIIMS Delhi 1956; 21 AIIMS · PGIMER · CMC Vellore · JIPMER · NIMHANS.
Premier agri: ICAR 1929 · IARI Pusa · NDRI Karnal · CIFE · 63 SAUs · Green Revolution (Swaminathan) · White Revolution (Kurien, Operation Flood 1970).
Science: CSIR 1942 (38 labs) · DAE 1948 (Bhabha) · ISRO 1969 (Sarabhai) · DRDO 1958 · BARC · IGCAR · TIFR 1945 · DST 1971 · DBT 1986 · ANRF Act 2023.
HASS/Law/Arts: ICSSR 1969 · ICHR 1972 · ICPR 1981 · NLSIU 1986 · NID 1961 · FTII Pune · SRFTI · Sangeet Natak/Lalit Kala/Sahitya Akademi 1953-54 · IGNCA 1985.
Open & Distance: IGNOU 1985 · 14 State Open Universities · NIOS · SWAYAM · NPTEL.
Indian Nobel science: C.V. Raman 1930 Physics · Hargobind Khorana 1968 (US) · Chandrasekhar 1983 (US) · Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 2009 (UK). Peace/Lit/Econ: Tagore 1913 · Mother Teresa 1979 · Kailash Satyarthi 2014 · Abhijit Banerjee 2019.
National Science Day 28 Feb (Raman effect). National Technology Day 11 May.

Topic 46 — Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India

Topic 46 · Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India — Quick Recall

Three streams: Oriental (Sanskrit/Pali/Arabic/Persian/Tibetan) · Conventional (formal university) · Non-Conventional (open/distance/online/modular).
Sanskrit: Sampurnanand SU Varanasi 1791 (Jonathan Duncan) · BHU 1916 (Malaviya) · Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan 1970 · Central Sanskrit University Act 2020 · 10+ SUs across India.
Buddhist/Tibetan: CIHTS Sarnath 1967 (Nehru/Dalai Lama) = Central University of Tibetan Studies · Nava Nalanda Mahavihara 1951 · Nalanda University Act 2010, opened 2014 · Central Institute of Buddhist Studies Leh 1959.
Islamic: Calcutta Madrasah 1781 (Warren Hastings) → Aliah 2008 · Darul Uloom Deoband 1866 (Nanautawi) · MAO College 1875-77 (Syed) → AMU 1920 · Jamia Millia Islamia 1920 (Gandhi/Jauhar/Husain) → CU 1988 · MANUU 1998 Hyderabad · Jamia Hamdard (Hakim Abdul Hameed) · Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu Arabi-Farsi University Lucknow 2010 · NCPUL 1996.
Yoga/Ayush: Ministry of AYUSH 2014 · MDNIY Delhi · ITRA Jamnagar INI 2020 · NIA Jaipur 1976 · S-VYASA Bengaluru · Patanjali Haridwar.
Conventional origin: Wood’s Despatch 1854 → Calcutta/Bombay/Madras 1857 (Charles Wood/Dalhousie). CBCS UGC 2015 · CUET 2022.
ODL origin: UK Open University 1969 (Harold Wilson) · DU Correspondence 1962 · AP Open University 1982 · IGNOU 1985 (G. Ram Reddy, Father of DE in India) — largest in world, 30 lakh learners, HQ Maidan Garhi New Delhi · 14 SOUs · DEB-UGC 2013 · NIOS 1989 (world’s largest open school).
MOOCs: Coursera 2012 (Koller+Ng Stanford) · edX 2012 (MIT+Harvard) · Udacity 2012 (Thrun) · Khan Academy 2006 (Salman Khan) · FutureLearn 2013 (OU UK) · Udemy 2010 · NPTEL 2003 (IITs+IISc) · SWAYAM 9 July 2017 (MoE) · DIKSHA 2017 (NCERT) · e-PG Pathshala 2014 (INFLIBNET) · NDLI 2015 (IITKgp) · e-Yantra 2010 · Spoken Tutorial 2007 (IITB).
SWAYAM 4 quadrants: Video · Reading · Self-assessment · Discussion forum.
SWAYAM 9 NCs: AICTE · NPTEL · UGC · CEC · NCERT · NIOS · IGNOU · IIMB · NITTTR.
SWAYAM Prabha: 40 DTH channels. MODP IIT-Madras: BSc Data Science.
Credit transfer: 40% of any course via SWAYAM (UGC CF 2016 / NEP 2020).
Skill stack: NSDC 2009 · NSQF 2013 (10 levels) · MSDE 2014 · Skill India Mission + PMKVY 15 July 2015 · NCVET 2018 · NAPS 2016 · Apprenticeship Act 1961 · ITIs/DGT · 36+ SSCs · PMKK 700+ · JSS · DDU-GKY.
Open Schooling: NIOS 1989 (renamed 2002) — largest globally.
NEP 2020 push: 40% online · MEME · ABC under DigiLocker · HECI · NETF · MERUs.

Topic 47 — Professional, Technical and Skill Based education

Topic 47 · Professional, Technical and Skill Based education — Quick Recall

Regulators (year): UGC 1956 · AICTE 1987 (technical) · NCTE 1993 (teacher) · NMC 2020 (replaced MCI 1934) (medical) · BCI 1961 (legal) · CoA 1972 (architecture) · ICAR 1929 (agri) · DCI 1948 · PCI 1948 · INC 1947 · VCI 1984 · RCI 1993 · NCISM 2020 (Ayurveda/Unani/Siddha) · NCH 2020 (Homeo) · NCVET 2018 (vocational) · HECI (proposed NEP 2020).
Engineering: AICTE Act 1987 · 23 IITs (Kharagpur 1951 first) + 31 NITs + 26 IIITs + 7 IISERs · JEE Main + JEE Advanced (top 2.5L) · GATE · NPTEL 2003 · TEQIP 2002-21 World Bank-MHRD.
Management: 21 IIMs (Calcutta 1961 first, Ahmedabad 1961, IIM Act 2017) · XLRI 1949 · ISB 2001 · CAT (since 1950s, CBT 2009) · XAT · GMAT · MAT · IPMAT.
Medical: NMC Act 2019 / NMC 2020 with 4 boards (UGMEB/PGMEB/MARB/EMRB) · NEET 2013 (single window 2016) · NEXT (planned) · 21 AIIMS (Delhi 1956 first) · PGIMER 1962 · CMC Vellore 1900 · JIPMER 1956 · PMSSY 2003 · Ministry of AYUSH 2014.
Legal: Advocates Act 1961 → BCI · NLSIU Bangalore 1986 (N.R. Madhava Menon) · 26 NLUs · CLAT 2008 (Consortium of NLUs) · AILET (NLU Delhi) · AIBE since 2010.
Architecture: Architects Act 1972 → CoA · 5-year B.Arch · NATA · SPA Delhi 1955 · CEPT.
Agri/Vet: ICAR 1929 · 63 SAUs + 4 deemed (IARI/IVRI/NDRI/CIFE) + 4 CAUs · ICAR-AIEEA · VCI 1984.
Teacher Ed: NCTE Act 1993 · D.El.Ed/B.Ed/M.Ed/B.El.Ed · 4-yr ITEP (NEP 2020, mandatory by 2030) · NCFTE 2009 · NCERT 1961 · NIEPA 1962 · 5 RIEs · CTET 2011 + State TETs · NPST (NCTE 2022) · 50 hr CPD/yr.
Skill stack: Apprenticeship Act 1961 · ITIs (DGT/MSDE) · Polytechnics · NSDC 2009 · MSDE 9 Nov 2014 · NSQF 2013 (10 levels) · Skill India + PMKVY 15 July 2015 · NCVET 2018 · NAPS 2016 · NATS · PMKK 700+ · DDU-GKY · Sankalp & Strive 2017 · SSCs 36+ · JSS · PMKVY 4.0 2023-24 · Skill India Digital Sept 2023.
NEP 2020 reforms: Vocational from Class 6 (10-day bagless internship), 50% of learners exposed by 2025 · 4-yr ITEP · AEDP (UGC 2020) · NHEQF + NSQF unified · MEME · IIM Act 2017 (degree power) · NMC 2020 · NEXT planned.
Tests: JEE Main/Advanced · NEET-UG/PG · CLAT · NATA · CUET · CAT · GATE · NET · ICAR-AIEEA · IPMAT · AIBE.

Topic 48 — Value education and environmental education

Topic 48 · Value education and environmental education — Quick Recall

Value Education frameworks: Rokeach 1973 (18 terminal + 18 instrumental) · Allport-Vernon-Lindzey 1931 = 6 (Theo/Econ/Aesth/Soc/Polit/Relig, based on Spranger 1928) · Kohlberg 1958/69 (6 stages in 3 levels) · Raths-Harmin-Simon 1966 Values Clarification · Lickona 1991 Character Ed · Gandhi’s Nai Talim 1937 · Sathya Sai’s 5 values (Satya/Dharma/Shanti/Prema/Ahimsa) · WHO 1993 10 life skills.
Indian VBE policy: Radhakrishnan 1948-49 → Mudaliar 1952-53 → Kothari 1964-66 → NPE 1986 §8.4 → POA 1992 → Chavan Committee 1999 (VBE) → NCF 2005 → NEP 2020 / NCF-SE 2023 (Kasturirangan).
Constitution & values: Preamble (Justice/Liberty/Equality/Fraternity; Secular/Socialist added 42nd Amdt 1976) · FRs Part III · DPSP Part IV (Art. 36-51) · Art. 48A environment (42nd Amdt 1976) · Fundamental Duties Art. 51A added by 42nd Amdt 1976 on Swaran Singh Committee · originally 10; 11th added by 86th Amdt 2002 · Art. 51A(g) = protect environment.
EE — International timeline: IUCN 1948 · “EE” coined Keele 1965 · Biosphere Conf 1968 (UNESCO) · Stockholm 1972 → UNEP + 5 June WED · Belgrade Charter 1975 · Tbilisi 1977 · Brundtland 1987 → Sustainable Development · Rio 1992 → Agenda 21 (Ch 36 EE) + UNFCCC + CBD · Thessaloniki 1997 · Johannesburg 2002 · UN Decade of ESD 2005-2014 · Rio+20 2012 · SDGs 2015 (SDG 4.7) · Paris 2015 Art. 12 · ESD for 2030.
EE — India: Art. 48A + 51A(g) via 42nd Amdt 1976 · MC Mehta vs UoI 1991 SC mandated compulsory EE · reiterated 2003 · UGC EVS UG compulsory 2003 · NCERT NCF 2005 / NCF-SE 2023 · MoEFCC EEAT Scheme 1983-84 · NEAC 1986 · CEE Ahmedabad 1984 (Kartikeya Sarabhai) · National Green Corps Eco-Clubs 2001 · GLOBE 1995 · Mission LiFE COP26 Glasgow 2021, global launch Oct 2022 · GREEN UGC 2020.
3 dimensions of EE (Lucas 1972): Education about + in + for the environment.
Tbilisi 1977 goals: awareness · knowledge · attitudes · skills · participation.
Indian eco-thinkers/movements: Gandhi · Sundarlal Bahuguna (Chipko 1973) · Vandana Shiva (Navdanya) · Salim Ali · Madhav Gadgil (WGEEP 2011) · Anil Agarwal/Sunita Narain (CSE 1980) · R.K. Pachauri (TERI/IPCC 2007 Nobel) · Khoshoo · Bishnoi 1730 Khejarli — Amrita Devi · Appiko 1983 · Silent Valley 1973-85 · NBA 1985 (Medha Patkar, Baba Amte) · Kalam’s PURA.

Topic 49 — Policies, Governance, and Administration

Topic 49 · Policies, Governance, and Administration — Quick Recall

Constitution: Education = Concurrent List Entry 25 (after 42nd Amdt 1976); Entry 66 Union List (coordination of HE standards). Art. 21A added by 86th Amdt 2002; RTE Act 2009 enforced 1 April 2010. Arts 28/29/30/45/46 relate to education. 103rd Amdt 2019 = EWS 10%.
Policies: Wood 1854 · Hunter 1882 · Raleigh 1902 · Curzon’s IU Act 1904 · Sadler 1917-19 · Hartog 1929 · Sargent 1944 · Radhakrishnan 1948-49 · Mudaliar 1952-53 · Kothari 1964-66 (10+2+3, 6% GDP) · NPE 1968 · NPE 1986 (Rajiv) · Ramamurti 1990 · POA 1992 (Janardhana Reddy) · Yashpal 2009 · NKC 2009 (Pitroda) · NEP 2020 (Kasturirangan, 29 July 2020).
NEP 2020 HE: HECI (NHERC/NAC/HEGC/GEC) · 50% GER by 2035 · MERUs · 3 HEI types · CUET 2022 (UG+PG) · FYUP with MEME (1y Cert/2y Dip/3y Bach/4y Hons) · ABC via DigiLocker · NRF→ANRF Act 2023 (replaces SERB) · PARAKH (NCERT 2023) · NETF · NDEAR · PM-VIDYA · IKS Division · NPST · 4-yr ITEP by 2030 · 40% online · MPhil discontinued · Voc from Class 6 · Foreign HEIs UGC Regs 2023 (Deakin + Wollongong opened GIFT City 2024) · 6% GDP target.
Regulators: UGC 1956 · AICTE 1987 · NCTE 1993 · NMC 2020 · DCI/PCI 1948 · INC 1947 · VCI 1984 · NCISM 2020 · NCH 2020 · BCI 1961 · CoA 1972 · ICAR 1929 · RCI 1993 · NCVET 2018 · NAAC 1994 · NBA 1994 · NIRF 2015 · NTA 2017 · HECI (proposed).
Schemes: TEQIP 2002 · PMSSY 2003 · AISHE 2010 · NKN 2010 · RUSA 2013 · e-PG Pathshala 2014 · NIRF 2015 · Skill India + PMKVY 15 Jul 2015 · HEFA 2017 · NTA 2017 · SWAYAM 2017 · NEAT 2019 · IoE 2018 (10+10) · PMRF 2018 · STARS 2020 · ANRF Act 2023 · PARAKH 2023 · PM-USHA 2023 (replaces RUSA) · ONOS 2024.
University bodies: Chancellor (Governor/President) · VC (5-yr) · Pro-VC · Court/Senate · Executive Council/Syndicate · Academic Council · Board of Studies · Finance Committee · IQAC · Registrar · Controller of Examinations · Finance Officer · Deans · ICC (POSH Act 2013) · Equal Opportunity Cell · Anti-ragging cell (Raghavan 2007).
NIRF 5 parameters: TLR · RPC · GO · OI · PR.
NAAC grading 4-pt CGPA cycle 5-7 yrs; NAAC 4.0 (2024). NBA → Washington Accord 2014.
Reservation: SC 15% · ST 7.5% · OBC 27% · EWS 10% (103rd Amdt 2019) · PwD 5%.
Inclusion fellowships: UGC-JRF/SRF · MANF · RGNF · PMRF.
NEP funding target = 6% of GDP (Kothari 1964 reaffirmed).
The book ends here. Best of luck for the exam — Vande Mataram.